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well then I am dr. Frank summers of the

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Space Telescope Science Institute and it

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is my pleasure to welcome you here on

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this special night as you can see we are

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one week late it is January 13th and not

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the second Tuesday not the first Tuesday

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but you could also see you've got the

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really cool new seats and the wonderful

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new carpeting the they finished the

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auditorium retrofit which is why they

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didn't let me have the Pope f-series

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last week which was good because I was

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in Seattle Washington last week for the

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American Astronomical Society conference

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so I wouldn't have been here had we had

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beheld it last week so it's great that

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both you and I can be here tonight

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who haven't been here before

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we have lithographs over all the table

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over there if you did not get one on

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your way in grab one on your way out the

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lithographs are of the galaxy cluster

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Abell 2744 a very large cluster of

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galaxies so large it produces

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gravitational lensing and is being used

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as part of the frontier field survey a

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little bit of which I will talk about in

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my talk tonight speaking of which I am

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the speaker tonight giving my 25 years

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of Hubble I had actually expected to do

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this talk in April because the 25th

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anniversary is in April

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but we decided to get the festivities

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going early right we actually released

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the 20 of the the major 25th anniversary

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image last Monday at the double-a s

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meeting in Seattle and so I said alright

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great if we're gonna do that I might as

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well go ahead and kick off the year with

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the 25 years of Hubble talk anyway it's

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also kind of difficult to get a January

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speaker nobody wants to commit to doing

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the talk after the holidays this has

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happened to me every year I've been

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running the palm of Ecstasy Rees for 13

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years now January and July are generally

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the hardest months to get people to to

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come in and do the talk ok upcoming we

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do have other talks up coming next month

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February 3rd

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Jason Tomlinson has given me one longer

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talk longer talk titles I've ever been

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from cosmic birth to living earth the

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next great Space Telescope beyond jato

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is T and for those of you who know JWST

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stands for the James Webb Space

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Telescope and that's not launching till

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2018

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well Jason isn't satisfied with just

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looking forward a few years he's gonna

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look even beyond that to the telescopes

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that will come after the Webb telescope

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on March 3rd we have a very special

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event for you we have teamed with the

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Baltimore Museum of Art and they have a

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guest artist coming in Daria Robledo and

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in his exhibit he has several works

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inspired by Hubble and he will come and

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chat with some folks from here about the

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interplay of science and art on March

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3rd so that will be a lot of fun if you

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want to find out things on our web page

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we have this go link up here but as

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usual it's easiest if you just use your

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favorite search engine look for Hubble

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public talks and you should find this

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webpage you will have that has a list of

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the upcoming lectures information about

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other things and also if you see this

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link down here this is the archive to

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our lectures that have been webcast by

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our team here for the past decade we

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started doing this archive just before

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Hubble's 15th anniversary and so we are

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approaching our ten-year anniversary of

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webcasts so you've got ten years of cool

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talks to catch up on if you haven't been

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here before by the way I always like to

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ask every now and then alright how many

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people have not been here before wow

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that's a larger proportion than usual I

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guess the 25th anniversary got you got

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your attention cool

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great love to have that email if you

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would like announcements we have a email

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list that bike twice a month sends you

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an email reminding you of the upcoming

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lectures so far we've had a perfect

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record of no spam of course now that

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this is being webcast I know some

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hackers gonna go out there and find it

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and try and ruin that but so far we're

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just fine

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we have an email address public lecture

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at stsci edu which is the perfect place

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to send an email to sign up for these

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announcements because we'll have your

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email return address and can add you to

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the list you can also use this email for

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comments and/or questions now the one

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thing I don't know I'm sorry we have our

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social media on Facebook and Twitter and

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Google Plus and Pinterest and for me I

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have my Facebook and Google Plus and

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Twitter if you are so into following

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people in that way one thing I don't

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know is the observatory as the gentleman

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I did not get an email today telling me

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whether the observatory would be open

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tonight usually they are so this is a

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big question mark and has someone down

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the front row goes it's really cold but

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you know what the cold nights you get

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the best seeing okay this is one of the

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unfortunate things of being an

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astronomer when it's cold and the air is

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still you really get better seeing so I

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will ask again at the end of the lecture

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if there is somebody here to take you

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across otherwise you will be able to go

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home and have hot chocolate instead of

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going in freezing your Tootsie's off in

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the observatory dome but anyways thanks

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to the Maryland Space Grant Observatory

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for providing that every month ok so

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this is the point in the talk where I go

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to my news from the universe for January

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2015 and our top story for tonight is

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what are you kidding

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I'm doing the main talk and had no time

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to gather news stories which i think is

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pretty much self-explanatory so we move

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on to our featured speaker all right our

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featured speaker tonight is myself dr.

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Thanks we have so many new people here

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tonight I'll give a little bit of my

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history I'm an astronomer who got his

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undergraduate degree at Virginia Tech

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Hokies and of his graduate degrees at

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University of California Berkeley I

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attended postdocs at Princeton and

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Columbia while I was at Columbia I also

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was working at the American Museum of

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Natural History in New York and I

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switched to full-time public outreach

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then one of the three curators that

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built the Rose Center for Earth and

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space in New York the home of the

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brand-new Hayden Planetarium in 2000

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after building the Rose Center I moved

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down here to Baltimore worked with

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Hubble and have been here for almost 14

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years I'm in the office of public

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outreach here and I get to work on all

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things Hubble it's really a great job I

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get to work in the news stories I get to

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work on the website I work on formal

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education doing teacher training and

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informal education with museums and

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planetariums and one of my specialties

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that I've developed while here is

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scientific visualization having worked

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on three IMAX films most notably being

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writer science advisor and scientific

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visualization supervisor on IMAX Hubble

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3d five years ago so ladies and

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gentlemen me Rory apologize I'll go do

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it again okay thank you thank you that

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wonderful and very knowledgeable

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introduction I have an impossible task

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I'm going to try to cover 25 years of

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Hubble in one lecture and as I was

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present getting this together

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I found all sorts of cool stuff that I

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can't include in this talk because I I

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spent this afternoon just hiding slides

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because there's so much really cool

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stuff so I want to say to those of you

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who have your favorite Hubble images the

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astronomers who might be watching who

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have their favourite Hubble observation

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probably because they were the PI on it

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and those of you who have this this this

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idea you're my

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just something that was just really

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struck you I may not include it in my

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talk tonight okay I have not decided on

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the best Hubble images I have not

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decided on the most scientifically

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important Hubble images I have decided

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on a suite of imagery that tells a story

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the story that I want to tell you about

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Hubble's 25 years okay so with that

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apology out of the way let's go for it

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now of course you can't do 25 years of

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Hubble without actually going back 70

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years 17 years to this man Lyman Spitzer

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and he was working at the RAND

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Corporation in 1946 and he wrote a white

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paper on the idea of a space telescope

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the benefits to astronomy of having a

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space telescope

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19:46 that was before we even had the

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space age the space age didn't come

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until a decade later with the beachball

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that was heard around the world

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Sputnik that orbited around and started

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the beginning of the Space Age

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well Sputnik orbiting around the world

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had stimulated a mission of the creation

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of NASA in 1958 the National Aeronautics

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and Space Administration this is their

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original logo this is their current

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current logo today created in 1958

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America gets into space well very soon

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thereafter the very beginning of the

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Space Age in 1962 this is the National

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Academy of Sciences Building in

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Washington DC it's just another you know

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ceremonial building in DC but it has

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this wonderful statue of Einstein out

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front so if your kids remember it they

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went out probably out and sat on

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Einsteins lap when they were there but

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the National Academy of Sciences

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convened a panel on discussing the

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benefits of what they called at the time

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a large Space Telescope recommended that

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America should move forward on putting a

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large telescope into space this of

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course ignited all sorts of ideas

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everybody has their wonderful ideas and

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astronomers are great people but I gotta

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say astronomers tend to think that

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they're the smartest person in the room

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so they tend to want to have their idea

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go forward and this

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haven't one have their idea horse

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there's lots and lots of various ideas

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various competing ideas and not just in

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the US but around the world

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well the logjam was broken in 1976 when

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NASA which by now had moved on to this

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wonderful worm logo and Issa the

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European Space Administration decided

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they were going to do a joint proposal

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together they pulled their ideas

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together and that is what broke the

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logjam that's what enabled enough

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political will to get Congress to fund

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the large Space Telescope in 1977 well

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now that you've got funding in a plan

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and it moves it moves forward very

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quickly in the 1980's the telescope was

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built in 1985 it was completed and

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construction here it is in Sunnyvale

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California and what is happening is it's

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undergoing a shake test here here's the

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guy in the bunny suit for scale so this

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is a human size and this is the size of

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the Hubble Space Telescope it was

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certified for launch and it was ready to

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go up on the space shuttle

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00:11:59,790 --> 00:11:57,460
unfortunately in 1986 we had the

275
00:12:01,890 --> 00:11:59,800
Challenger accident the space shuttle

276
00:12:06,090 --> 00:12:01,900
program was grounded for several years

277
00:12:10,110 --> 00:12:06,100
and Hubble sat in storage waiting to go

278
00:12:11,910 --> 00:12:10,120
up finally in 1990 Hubble did launch

279
00:12:13,820 --> 00:12:11,920
this is the launch of the Hubble Space

280
00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:13,830
Telescope you'll notice there's another

281
00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:17,050
shuttle on the launch pad here that we

282
00:12:20,550 --> 00:12:18,370
were they were doing some testing there

283
00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:20,560
is only a few times when in the history

284
00:12:23,850 --> 00:12:21,700
of the shuttle program when there have

285
00:12:25,500 --> 00:12:23,860
been two shuttles on the launch pad they

286
00:12:29,070 --> 00:12:25,510
were doing testing here while they

287
00:12:33,090 --> 00:12:29,080
launched Hubble here here as the

288
00:12:34,710 --> 00:12:33,100
wonderful astronaut team that put Hubble

289
00:12:36,690 --> 00:12:34,720
into space you will notice this

290
00:12:37,730 --> 00:12:36,700
gentleman right here does anybody know

291
00:12:41,430 --> 00:12:37,740
who he is

292
00:12:45,870 --> 00:12:41,440
that's Charlie Bolden the current NASA

293
00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:45,880
Administrator he put Hubble into orbit

294
00:12:51,990 --> 00:12:48,730
so we like that we hope that that made

295
00:12:53,850 --> 00:12:52,000
him fond of our telescope here is the

296
00:12:56,220 --> 00:12:53,860
telescope sitting in the shuttle payload

297
00:12:58,020 --> 00:12:56,230
Bay you will notice that it fits very

298
00:13:00,570 --> 00:12:58,030
nicely in the shuttle payload Bay

299
00:13:02,220 --> 00:13:00,580
and that is of course by design simply

300
00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:02,230
because we couldn't make Hubble any

301
00:13:06,930 --> 00:13:04,450
larger than what would fit in the

302
00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:06,940
shuttle payload Bay okay would we have

303
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:09,250
liked an even larger telescope of course

304
00:13:13,680 --> 00:13:12,010
we would were astronomers and bigger is

305
00:13:15,840 --> 00:13:13,690
better and when it comes to mirrors and

306
00:13:17,430 --> 00:13:15,850
everything but we had a limitation it's

307
00:13:19,140 --> 00:13:17,440
always good to have limitations our

308
00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:19,150
limitation was the size of the shuttle

309
00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:21,250
payload Bay the shuttle payload they

310
00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:24,550
also carried aboard an IMAX camera and

311
00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:26,650
it got this IMAX camera got this amazing

312
00:13:36,150 --> 00:13:29,890
shot of Hubble being set into orbit on

313
00:13:40,440 --> 00:13:36,160
April 25th 1990 so Hubble is finally up

314
00:13:42,860 --> 00:13:40,450
there from 1946 to 1990 that's all the

315
00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:42,870
precursor history to get Hubble launched

316
00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:47,650
well what do you happens first we get

317
00:13:54,210 --> 00:13:53,170
stories like this NASA's 1.5 billion

318
00:13:55,950 --> 00:13:54,220
blunder

319
00:13:59,850 --> 00:13:55,960
we've got Hubble with a character of mr.

320
00:14:02,190 --> 00:13:59,860
Magoo on even xkcd which is a very geeky

321
00:14:04,920 --> 00:14:02,200
comic strip said Edwin Hubble's car

322
00:14:06,810 --> 00:14:04,930
objects in mirror are something's blur

323
00:14:12,780 --> 00:14:06,820
than they appear or something at that I

324
00:14:16,490 --> 00:14:12,790
can't quite read that so well Hubble's

325
00:14:19,770 --> 00:14:16,500
mirror was ground to a very exact shape

326
00:14:22,470 --> 00:14:19,780
but it was slightly off okay

327
00:14:25,710 --> 00:14:22,480
Hubble after all this precursor history

328
00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:25,720
had a flaw alright and if the flaw was

329
00:14:29,340 --> 00:14:27,670
actually not in the grinding but in the

330
00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:29,350
testing apparatus for the grinding

331
00:14:32,670 --> 00:14:31,540
because from what I understand there

332
00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:32,680
were some pins that were supposed to

333
00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:35,290
drop down into slots for the testing

334
00:14:39,690 --> 00:14:37,810
apparatus and one pin got hooked up a

335
00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:39,700
little bit and so the testing apparatus

336
00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:42,730
was slightly out of shape the testing

337
00:14:48,329 --> 00:14:45,250
apparatus was telling the mirror

338
00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:48,339
polishing to grind it to a very exact

339
00:14:53,610 --> 00:14:51,220
shape but just slightly wrong what did

340
00:14:55,829 --> 00:14:53,620
that mean in practice well it meant that

341
00:14:58,079 --> 00:14:55,839
a star which is supposed to be a point

342
00:15:00,420 --> 00:14:58,089
of light ended up having all this

343
00:15:02,970 --> 00:15:00,430
scattered light around it okay

344
00:15:06,990 --> 00:15:02,980
so Hubble wasn't doing what it was

345
00:15:10,530 --> 00:15:07,000
supposed to but that does not mean it

346
00:15:11,550 --> 00:15:10,540
was the mr. Magoo of telescopes okay all

347
00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:11,560
of those cartoon

348
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:13,330
all of the things on Johnny Carson at

349
00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:16,210
the time overstated it because Hubble

350
00:15:20,730 --> 00:15:18,460
could still do better things than we

351
00:15:23,190 --> 00:15:20,740
could do from the ground for example

352
00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:23,200
this is an image of a double star from

353
00:15:26,820 --> 00:15:25,570
the ground and any astronomer who looks

354
00:15:29,790 --> 00:15:26,830
at that will tell you the yeah that's a

355
00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:29,800
double star why because if it were a

356
00:15:35,610 --> 00:15:32,470
single star it would be a circle it is

357
00:15:39,210 --> 00:15:35,620
an oval so there must be two sources in

358
00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:39,220
there to create that oval shape Hubble

359
00:15:46,410 --> 00:15:43,170
with the flaw could see it like that

360
00:15:48,030 --> 00:15:46,420
okay now those stars aren't perfect

361
00:15:51,660 --> 00:15:48,040
pinpoints of light like what we like

362
00:15:55,500 --> 00:15:51,670
them to but we can still do science with

363
00:15:57,870 --> 00:15:55,510
the flaw in Hubble's mirror so what did

364
00:15:59,610 --> 00:15:57,880
we do here's another example from the

365
00:16:01,710 --> 00:15:59,620
ground this is what Pluto and Charon

366
00:16:03,510 --> 00:16:01,720
looked at looked like by the way you got

367
00:16:07,950 --> 00:16:03,520
to remember that Karen had only been

368
00:16:09,450 --> 00:16:07,960
discovered in the 1980s okay maybe

369
00:16:11,310 --> 00:16:09,460
people don't remember that Karen was

370
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:11,320
only discovered in the 1980s this was

371
00:16:15,570 --> 00:16:13,360
brand-new from the ground you could see

372
00:16:17,880 --> 00:16:15,580
there's Pluto and there's Karen with

373
00:16:21,270 --> 00:16:17,890
Hubble you can easily distinguish them

374
00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:21,280
very clearly you can still do things

375
00:16:26,040 --> 00:16:23,770
that not capable from the ground we

376
00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:26,050
could also watch other things okay so

377
00:16:32,340 --> 00:16:28,330
some of the science stories in 1991

378
00:16:34,260 --> 00:16:32,350
there was a major storm on Saturn now

379
00:16:35,730 --> 00:16:34,270
we're used to having Jupiter having lots

380
00:16:37,740 --> 00:16:35,740
of storms we know about the Great Red

381
00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:37,750
Spot and all the storms on Jupiter but

382
00:16:43,079 --> 00:16:40,000
this is Saturn and it only has storms

383
00:16:44,550 --> 00:16:43,089
like this in decades along cycle matter

384
00:16:47,430 --> 00:16:44,560
of fact they tell me the Lord the Lord

385
00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:47,440
the the large storm before this was in

386
00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:48,730
1933

387
00:16:53,790 --> 00:16:51,370
so having Hubble up there to be able to

388
00:16:55,230 --> 00:16:53,800
see it was absolutely amazing this is a

389
00:16:59,730 --> 00:16:55,240
storm that actually stretched all the

390
00:17:02,250 --> 00:16:59,740
way around the planet 1991 we also

391
00:17:05,370 --> 00:17:02,260
showed off Hubble's ability to use fine

392
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:05,380
resolution to look into star clusters

393
00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:07,810
called globular clusters now in this

394
00:17:10,890 --> 00:17:09,490
ground-based image here you can see that

395
00:17:14,100 --> 00:17:10,900
the core of the globular cluster

396
00:17:16,770 --> 00:17:14,110
Scoville coaster called 47 Tucanae is

397
00:17:18,360 --> 00:17:16,780
basically blown out usually it is so

398
00:17:21,210 --> 00:17:18,370
dense in the cores of these clusters

399
00:17:23,790 --> 00:17:21,220
that from the ground all the stars in

400
00:17:25,319 --> 00:17:23,800
the center are smeared together Hubble

401
00:17:28,499 --> 00:17:25,329
with its fine resolution

402
00:17:31,799 --> 00:17:28,509
can resolve the individual stars and

403
00:17:34,830 --> 00:17:31,809
what it found was a population of stars

404
00:17:36,899 --> 00:17:34,840
we call blue stragglers stars that

405
00:17:39,060 --> 00:17:36,909
because their age should appear much

406
00:17:41,609 --> 00:17:39,070
redder but for some reason they're they

407
00:17:44,609 --> 00:17:41,619
appeared bluer which is younger than

408
00:17:47,399 --> 00:17:44,619
they should have indicating that there

409
00:17:50,279 --> 00:17:47,409
probably were stellar collisions going

410
00:17:52,259 --> 00:17:50,289
on in globular clusters now stars are

411
00:17:54,509 --> 00:17:52,269
just so far apart they never come

412
00:17:56,609 --> 00:17:54,519
anywhere near each other except in the

413
00:17:59,430 --> 00:17:56,619
incredibly dense environments of these

414
00:18:02,700 --> 00:17:59,440
globular clusters showing that you can

415
00:18:07,499 --> 00:18:02,710
actually get two stars colliding in the

416
00:18:10,369 --> 00:18:07,509
cores uncle Aubrey our clusters 1992 we

417
00:18:12,869 --> 00:18:10,379
looked at this galaxy Messier 87 and

418
00:18:15,299 --> 00:18:12,879
Messier 87 is a giant elliptical galaxy

419
00:18:17,970 --> 00:18:15,309
in the center of the Virgo cluster and

420
00:18:20,549 --> 00:18:17,980
you can see that it has a bright source

421
00:18:23,669 --> 00:18:20,559
in the center this is a super massive

422
00:18:25,529 --> 00:18:23,679
black hole supermassive black hole with

423
00:18:28,169 --> 00:18:25,539
approximately a billion times the mass

424
00:18:31,560 --> 00:18:28,179
of our Sun and it's outputting in an

425
00:18:35,129 --> 00:18:31,570
energetic jeta streaming cross inner

426
00:18:38,940 --> 00:18:35,139
stellar space and the details of this

427
00:18:41,879 --> 00:18:38,950
jet were revealed by Hubble in 1992 and

428
00:18:44,460 --> 00:18:41,889
in ways that you could not see from the

429
00:18:46,409 --> 00:18:44,470
ground I am a hammering home that we can

430
00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:46,419
still do good science and those first

431
00:18:52,849 --> 00:18:48,340
tertiary we did do great science in

432
00:18:55,229 --> 00:18:52,859
those first three years also in 1993

433
00:18:57,239 --> 00:18:55,239
amazing thing that I only fully

434
00:18:58,769 --> 00:18:57,249
appreciated when I started when I

435
00:19:02,070 --> 00:18:58,779
studied for this talk

436
00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:02,080
looking at the Andromeda galaxy in the

437
00:19:05,159 --> 00:19:03,730
core of it in the Andromeda galaxy if

438
00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:05,169
you look way down on the core you can

439
00:19:11,340 --> 00:19:08,200
see the center of Andromeda except for

440
00:19:13,859 --> 00:19:11,350
from the ground you are fooled that is

441
00:19:16,590 --> 00:19:13,869
not the core of Andromeda when we

442
00:19:19,009 --> 00:19:16,600
studied it with Hubble we could see that

443
00:19:21,450 --> 00:19:19,019
there are actually two cores in the

444
00:19:23,129 --> 00:19:21,460
Andromeda galaxy and what we had

445
00:19:26,609 --> 00:19:23,139
previously thought was the core of

446
00:19:28,919 --> 00:19:26,619
Andromeda is really a star cluster near

447
00:19:31,349 --> 00:19:28,929
the center of Andromeda and the center

448
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:31,359
of Andromeda is actually this lighter

449
00:19:35,849 --> 00:19:34,210
spot over here on the right with

450
00:19:37,210 --> 00:19:35,859
Hubble's resolution were able to see

451
00:19:40,410 --> 00:19:37,220
into the

452
00:19:42,580 --> 00:19:40,420
of that galaxy and find find where the

453
00:19:45,030 --> 00:19:42,590
actually we expect a supermassive black

454
00:19:47,500 --> 00:19:45,040
hole will be in the core of that galaxy

455
00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:47,510
Hubble did a lot of work in its early

456
00:19:52,090 --> 00:19:49,370
years studying the Centers of galaxies

457
00:19:54,280 --> 00:19:52,100
looking for telltale evidence of these

458
00:19:56,080 --> 00:19:54,290
supermassive black holes and basically

459
00:19:59,020 --> 00:19:56,090
the answer is we found a supermassive

460
00:20:03,250 --> 00:19:59,030
black hole in every large galaxy that we

461
00:20:07,090 --> 00:20:03,260
looked at also in 1993 we had this

462
00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:07,100
wonderful image of a comet this is comet

463
00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:10,490
shoemaker-levy 9 which was discovered in

464
00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:13,520
1993 and it was in orbit around Jupiter

465
00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:17,120
and it had broken up into many different

466
00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:20,690
pieces the prediction was that

467
00:20:27,670 --> 00:20:23,170
shoemaker-levy 9 was going to strike

468
00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:27,680
Jupiter but first Hubble got its repair

469
00:20:32,860 --> 00:20:30,650
mission late 1993 this group of

470
00:20:36,220 --> 00:20:32,870
astronauts went up on the space shuttle

471
00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:36,230
to service the service Hubble what they

472
00:20:43,180 --> 00:20:39,250
did is they added in glasses to correct

473
00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:43,190
the flaw in the mirror now optics

474
00:20:46,690 --> 00:20:45,050
they've learned a lot of things in life

475
00:20:47,170 --> 00:20:46,700
for say oh it's not really an exact

476
00:20:53,380 --> 00:20:47,180
science

477
00:20:56,020 --> 00:20:53,390
so we knew the shape that Hubble's

478
00:20:58,720 --> 00:20:56,030
mirror had been ground to and we knew

479
00:21:02,470 --> 00:20:58,730
the shape we really wanted so we can

480
00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:02,480
design an exact corrector plate to put

481
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:04,970
in the what pathway think of it as some

482
00:21:11,380 --> 00:21:09,770
eyeglasses to correct for that now we

483
00:21:14,470 --> 00:21:11,390
put in an instrument called co-star

484
00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:14,480
corrective optics space telescope axial

485
00:21:20,050 --> 00:21:16,970
replacement quite a convoluted acronym

486
00:21:22,300 --> 00:21:20,060
but you know it worked to put to correct

487
00:21:25,060 --> 00:21:22,310
the optics for the instruments that were

488
00:21:27,310 --> 00:21:25,070
already installed and this here is what

489
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:27,320
wide field planetary camera one that's

490
00:21:33,070 --> 00:21:30,410
being taken out and we put in wide field

491
00:21:35,530 --> 00:21:33,080
planetary camera 2 which had the

492
00:21:37,810 --> 00:21:35,540
correction already applied so it didn't

493
00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:37,820
need any high glasses now you got to

494
00:21:41,650 --> 00:21:39,410
recognize that when we're looking at

495
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:41,660
these wavelengths we're trying to get

496
00:21:45,610 --> 00:21:44,210
down to a tenth at least in a way like

497
00:21:47,710 --> 00:21:45,620
maybe even 100 the way like we're

498
00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:47,720
talking you know 10 nanometer scales

499
00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:50,990
that you have to position these optics

500
00:21:56,290 --> 00:21:53,690
and frankly I'm not an engineer I'm not

501
00:21:57,760 --> 00:21:56,300
an optical optical guy I was kind of

502
00:22:03,730 --> 00:21:57,770
unsure as to whether this would really

503
00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:03,740
work well it did here is the view of a

504
00:22:11,860 --> 00:22:06,290
star before co-star was installed and

505
00:22:13,990 --> 00:22:11,870
after co-star boom they did it okay I

506
00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:14,000
wasn't here at Hubbell at the time but

507
00:22:19,360 --> 00:22:16,940
they really nailed it they got that

508
00:22:22,900 --> 00:22:19,370
point of light of a star that was

509
00:22:25,750 --> 00:22:22,910
expected Hubble net its design

510
00:22:28,049 --> 00:22:25,760
specification and now could start doing

511
00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:28,059
the science it was intended in

512
00:22:34,870 --> 00:22:32,690
particular the imagery the imagery is

513
00:22:37,180 --> 00:22:34,880
what really show what really was gonna

514
00:22:41,169 --> 00:22:37,190
attract your attention here is the core

515
00:22:47,010 --> 00:22:41,179
of the galaxy m100 in after from with

516
00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:47,020
pick one when we add in the new one boom

517
00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:51,170
quite a difference now Hubble is up to

518
00:22:56,620 --> 00:22:54,170
its full capability we can go back to

519
00:22:59,020 --> 00:22:56,630
looking at Comet shoemaker-levy 9 this

520
00:23:02,169 --> 00:22:59,030
is an image of those pieces of Comet

521
00:23:03,790 --> 00:23:02,179
shoemaker-levy 9 1994 with the repaired

522
00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:03,800
instruments and you can see it's much

523
00:23:09,370 --> 00:23:06,050
clearer but what we really wanted to see

524
00:23:13,090 --> 00:23:09,380
was it was gonna smash into Jupiter now

525
00:23:15,490 --> 00:23:13,100
let's think about it these comet pieces

526
00:23:16,950 --> 00:23:15,500
are like one or maybe two kilometers

527
00:23:20,830 --> 00:23:16,960
across

528
00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:20,840
Jupiter is a hundred and forty thousand

529
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:24,530
kilometers across two kilometers a

530
00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:27,970
hundred and forty thousand kilometers

531
00:23:33,990 --> 00:23:31,400
it's a pinprick right nothing's gonna

532
00:23:37,270 --> 00:23:34,000
happen it was all sorts of debate but

533
00:23:39,730 --> 00:23:37,280
fortunately Hubble was looking because

534
00:23:42,460 --> 00:23:39,740
something did happen and here's what

535
00:23:44,790 --> 00:23:42,470
Hubble saw in visible light this is

536
00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:44,800
Jupiter and you see these black marks

537
00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:48,050
these are the impact sets where these

538
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:50,450
fragments of comets smashed into

539
00:23:55,450 --> 00:23:52,010
Jupiter's atmosphere and basically

540
00:23:58,390 --> 00:23:55,460
exploded and created huge holes in

541
00:24:00,880 --> 00:23:58,400
Jupiter's atmosphere every telescope in

542
00:24:03,340 --> 00:24:00,890
the world was watching but only Hubble

543
00:24:04,659 --> 00:24:03,350
was above Earth's atmosphere and could

544
00:24:07,359 --> 00:24:04,669
also watch

545
00:24:10,330 --> 00:24:07,369
in ultraviolet light where you can see

546
00:24:11,619 --> 00:24:10,340
the impact sites much more clearly by

547
00:24:14,169 --> 00:24:11,629
the way this is not an impact site

548
00:24:16,450 --> 00:24:14,179
that's just a shadow of a moon okay one

549
00:24:18,489 --> 00:24:16,460
of the Galilean moons so you could an

550
00:24:20,139 --> 00:24:18,499
ultraviolet light I know you all think

551
00:24:21,310 --> 00:24:20,149
that when you go out in the summer you

552
00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:21,320
have to put on the suntan lotion because

553
00:24:25,749 --> 00:24:22,970
lots of ultraviolet light is out is

554
00:24:27,009 --> 00:24:25,759
coming down almost no volts or violet

555
00:24:38,560 --> 00:24:27,019
light gets through our atmosphere in

556
00:24:46,659 --> 00:24:41,379
in terms of seeing the observations of

557
00:24:48,580 --> 00:24:46,669
Comet shoemaker-levy 9 1995 and right

558
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:48,590
out of the gate we're gonna hit one of

559
00:24:53,979 --> 00:24:51,710
our best images ever this is the

560
00:24:57,310 --> 00:24:53,989
so-called pillars of creation the

561
00:25:00,340 --> 00:24:57,320
pillars in the Eagle Nebula and to this

562
00:25:04,090 --> 00:25:00,350
day it is one of our most popular images

563
00:25:06,989 --> 00:25:04,100
if not the most popular I gotta say the

564
00:25:09,669 --> 00:25:06,999
public just loves ionization fronts ok

565
00:25:13,869 --> 00:25:09,679
what is an ionization front you ask well

566
00:25:15,249 --> 00:25:13,879
I'll answer that so up there a couple

567
00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:15,259
floors above us there are some really

568
00:25:20,830 --> 00:25:17,570
really bright stars and they have

569
00:25:23,889 --> 00:25:20,840
high-energy radiation and stellar winds

570
00:25:25,299 --> 00:25:23,899
streaming away from them that energy is

571
00:25:27,940 --> 00:25:25,309
coming down like this

572
00:25:29,680 --> 00:25:27,950
hitting these dense regions at the tops

573
00:25:32,109 --> 00:25:29,690
of the pillars and you can see the

574
00:25:34,629 --> 00:25:32,119
bright light around them as it takes

575
00:25:37,180 --> 00:25:34,639
that dark gas dense gas this molecular

576
00:25:40,029 --> 00:25:37,190
gas and ionizes it the energy is

577
00:25:42,479 --> 00:25:40,039
transferred to that dark gas and it

578
00:25:45,279 --> 00:25:42,489
ionizes and you create these pillars

579
00:25:48,279 --> 00:25:45,289
because the winds are streaming down and

580
00:25:51,399 --> 00:25:48,289
in here it's not necessarily dense gas

581
00:25:54,460 --> 00:25:51,409
it is just in the shadow of these dense

582
00:25:56,919 --> 00:25:54,470
regions at the tops of the pillars and

583
00:25:59,409 --> 00:25:56,929
creates this great silhouette that's

584
00:26:04,899 --> 00:25:59,419
great contrast against the background of

585
00:26:06,909 --> 00:26:04,909
the image of the nebula also in 1995 the

586
00:26:08,889 --> 00:26:06,919
exact matter fact two weeks after that

587
00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:08,899
image was released another of our

588
00:26:13,599 --> 00:26:11,090
amazing images was released this one of

589
00:26:16,149 --> 00:26:13,609
the trapezium region in the Orion Nebula

590
00:26:17,269 --> 00:26:16,159
center of the Orion Nebula another star

591
00:26:19,549 --> 00:26:17,279
forming Reed

592
00:26:22,580 --> 00:26:19,559
and in the Orion Nebula there are

593
00:26:25,070 --> 00:26:22,590
thousands of new stars being born and

594
00:26:27,529 --> 00:26:25,080
plus the center stars and here are also

595
00:26:30,980 --> 00:26:27,539
blowing off their winds such that this

596
00:26:32,990 --> 00:26:30,990
object down here LLO or yonus you can

597
00:26:34,820 --> 00:26:33,000
see has a bow shock around it the wind

598
00:26:38,029 --> 00:26:34,830
coming down from these bright stars

599
00:26:40,430 --> 00:26:38,039
creates a bow shock around it someone in

600
00:26:41,810 --> 00:26:40,440
right close to the trapezium stars you

601
00:26:44,990 --> 00:26:41,820
can see that the bow shock is wrapped

602
00:26:47,149 --> 00:26:45,000
around to make a tadpole alright this is

603
00:26:49,580 --> 00:26:47,159
the wind streaming past the material

604
00:26:52,639 --> 00:26:49,590
around this forming solar forming star

605
00:26:55,580 --> 00:26:52,649
creating a sort of wind sock effect and

606
00:26:58,909 --> 00:26:55,590
what's really cool is that if you look

607
00:27:02,810 --> 00:26:58,919
in detail you can see these dust disks

608
00:27:06,950 --> 00:27:02,820
around brand-new stars and these dusty

609
00:27:10,250 --> 00:27:06,960
discs are where the planets are forming

610
00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:10,260
in a new solar system within the Orion

611
00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:14,490
Nebula we get to see other solar systems

612
00:27:19,220 --> 00:27:18,330
in formation and Hubble was the first to

613
00:27:22,549 --> 00:27:19,230
be able to give us the kind of

614
00:27:27,019 --> 00:27:22,559
resolution to see this amazing detail

615
00:27:30,470 --> 00:27:27,029
here 1996 we go from star birth to star

616
00:27:33,259 --> 00:27:30,480
death this is the star eita Carina and

617
00:27:36,289 --> 00:27:33,269
it is a hundred solar mass star maybe

618
00:27:39,409 --> 00:27:36,299
150 solar mass star and it is not just

619
00:27:41,990 --> 00:27:39,419
being born but instead we believe it's

620
00:27:44,570 --> 00:27:42,000
on its way to die this is what we

621
00:27:46,669 --> 00:27:44,580
consider to be a pre supernova star a

622
00:27:49,789 --> 00:27:46,679
star at the end of its life that we

623
00:27:51,980 --> 00:27:49,799
expect to explode sometime in the next

624
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:51,990
few million years but what we can see

625
00:27:56,210 --> 00:27:54,330
here is an amazing detail of what's

626
00:27:58,759 --> 00:27:56,220
called the homunculus these big lobes

627
00:28:00,620 --> 00:27:58,769
these bubbles the stars in the center

628
00:28:02,450 --> 00:28:00,630
here you can see this incredible bubble

629
00:28:05,269 --> 00:28:02,460
being blown from both directions these

630
00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:05,279
bipolar bubbles and then outbursts from

631
00:28:10,299 --> 00:28:08,850
a tack are going out and again detail

632
00:28:13,340 --> 00:28:10,309
that we had never seen before

633
00:28:18,039 --> 00:28:13,350
we also in seeing amazing detail

634
00:28:20,029 --> 00:28:18,049
measured the first size of a star now

635
00:28:21,680 --> 00:28:20,039
you may think about this all right well

636
00:28:24,019 --> 00:28:21,690
we can see the Sun and it's it's a half

637
00:28:25,730 --> 00:28:24,029
a degree across okay so you know we can

638
00:28:30,259 --> 00:28:25,740
see the size of that star but every

639
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:30,269
other star is so far away it appears as

640
00:28:32,970 --> 00:28:30,710
a

641
00:28:36,250 --> 00:28:32,980
of light even in our best telescopes

642
00:28:39,250 --> 00:28:36,260
well with Hubble we're able to make out

643
00:28:42,039 --> 00:28:39,260
the size of baitul juice this is the

644
00:28:47,019 --> 00:28:42,049
shoulder of Orion here it is a red

645
00:28:50,289 --> 00:28:47,029
supergiant star that is so large that if

646
00:28:53,260 --> 00:28:50,299
it were in our solar system it would be

647
00:28:56,049 --> 00:28:53,270
larger than Earth's orbit it would be

648
00:29:00,070 --> 00:28:56,059
larger than Jupiter's orbit Mercury

649
00:29:02,909 --> 00:29:00,080
Venus Earth Mars the asteroid belt and

650
00:29:06,070 --> 00:29:02,919
Jupiter would all be orbiting inside

651
00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:06,080
fatal juice were where our son is

652
00:29:12,210 --> 00:29:08,450
and with Hubble we're able to measure

653
00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:12,220
the size of that star the first one ever

654
00:29:18,399 --> 00:29:16,070
well 1997 brought servicing mission two

655
00:29:20,409 --> 00:29:18,409
and this is the amazing crew that went

656
00:29:24,010 --> 00:29:20,419
up to service Hubble on the second

657
00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:24,020
servicing mission servicing mission two

658
00:29:27,610 --> 00:29:26,330
added in two new instruments the near

659
00:29:29,919 --> 00:29:27,620
infrared camera multi-object

660
00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:29,929
spectrograph otherwise known as Nick

661
00:29:33,730 --> 00:29:31,370
Moss which added to the infrared

662
00:29:36,399 --> 00:29:33,740
capabilities of Hubble and the Space

663
00:29:38,649 --> 00:29:36,409
Telescope imaging spectrograph which

664
00:29:42,159 --> 00:29:38,659
both of them are spectrum spectrographs

665
00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:42,169
but they also add to this adds to the

666
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:45,520
ultraviolet capabilities of Hubble that

667
00:29:52,419 --> 00:29:49,610
mission again was success and this may

668
00:29:54,639 --> 00:29:52,429
look to you like a picture of Mars it's

669
00:29:57,250 --> 00:29:54,649
not this is something I discovered

670
00:29:58,960 --> 00:29:57,260
actually this morning as I was going

671
00:30:01,060 --> 00:29:58,970
through making sure I had all the really

672
00:30:03,180 --> 00:30:01,070
cool images this is one I didn't know

673
00:30:08,139 --> 00:30:03,190
about this is not Mars

674
00:30:10,899 --> 00:30:08,149
this is Jupiter's moon Io and what you

675
00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:10,909
see on the limb of Jupiter's moon looks

676
00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:13,850
like a blurry thing which is just an

677
00:30:19,389 --> 00:30:16,570
error right no it's not

678
00:30:22,210 --> 00:30:19,399
Jupiter's moon Io is the most volcanic

679
00:30:24,610 --> 00:30:22,220
object in the solar system there are an

680
00:30:28,060 --> 00:30:24,620
average of seven volcanoes going off at

681
00:30:31,029 --> 00:30:28,070
any one time and the volcanic plumes

682
00:30:36,220 --> 00:30:31,039
reach so high they can actually be seen

683
00:30:39,399 --> 00:30:36,230
off the limb of Isle and I did not know

684
00:30:42,850 --> 00:30:39,409
until today that Hubble actually was

685
00:30:44,509 --> 00:30:42,860
able to see a volcanic plume on Io from

686
00:30:46,999 --> 00:30:44,519
Earth I got

687
00:30:49,639 --> 00:30:47,009
say this compares very well to the New

688
00:30:52,279 --> 00:30:49,649
Horizons mission and one of my favorite

689
00:30:56,239 --> 00:30:52,289
images in all of astronomy this is the

690
00:30:58,609 --> 00:30:56,249
volcano tabash star on Io captured by

691
00:31:00,259 --> 00:30:58,619
the New Horizons mission as it was

692
00:31:05,119 --> 00:31:00,269
getting a gravity assist flying by

693
00:31:07,940 --> 00:31:05,129
Jupiter so this is an in situ at Jupiter

694
00:31:10,820 --> 00:31:07,950
image whereas Hubble was able to

695
00:31:13,579 --> 00:31:10,830
actually see a plume as well being here

696
00:31:15,829 --> 00:31:13,589
at Earth and I've been working with

697
00:31:18,049 --> 00:31:15,839
Hubble for 13 years and that sort of

698
00:31:22,039 --> 00:31:18,059
surprised me that they were able to get

699
00:31:25,339 --> 00:31:22,049
that kind of that kind of observation in

700
00:31:27,799 --> 00:31:25,349
1997 we also looked at a favorite pair

701
00:31:30,169 --> 00:31:27,809
of galaxies for astronomers called the

702
00:31:31,669 --> 00:31:30,179
antennae galaxies and you might be able

703
00:31:32,839 --> 00:31:31,679
to understand why they were called the

704
00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:32,849
antennae because they have these big

705
00:31:38,839 --> 00:31:36,450
long plumes sticking out from these twin

706
00:31:40,459 --> 00:31:38,849
centers well looking at it with Hubble

707
00:31:43,219 --> 00:31:40,469
these are two galaxies that are

708
00:31:45,409 --> 00:31:43,229
colliding all right and with Hubble

709
00:31:47,810 --> 00:31:45,419
we're able to look into the detail into

710
00:31:51,319 --> 00:31:47,820
the core of this and you see all these

711
00:31:54,019 --> 00:31:51,329
blue star clusters revealing the intense

712
00:31:56,869 --> 00:31:54,029
star formation that happens when

713
00:31:59,539 --> 00:31:56,879
galaxies collide and in particular what

714
00:32:00,799 --> 00:31:59,549
Hubble was able to discover was if it's

715
00:32:04,039 --> 00:32:00,809
resolution it was able to see that these

716
00:32:06,379 --> 00:32:04,049
are not just star clusters but what the

717
00:32:09,319 --> 00:32:06,389
astronomer called super star clusters

718
00:32:13,190 --> 00:32:09,329
very very large clusters of stars that

719
00:32:17,119 --> 00:32:13,200
are formed when galaxies collide seen in

720
00:32:20,289 --> 00:32:17,129
the resolution with with the map Hubble

721
00:32:23,299 --> 00:32:20,299
looked at the antennae galaxies in

722
00:32:26,509 --> 00:32:23,309
1997-1998 flexed his muscle using the

723
00:32:29,269 --> 00:32:26,519
ultraviolet and stiff this is Saturn and

724
00:32:32,239 --> 00:32:29,279
you can see the aurora here on Saturn

725
00:32:34,699 --> 00:32:32,249
both in the south and up in the north

726
00:32:35,989 --> 00:32:34,709
now Saturn has Aurora like Earth does

727
00:32:37,430 --> 00:32:35,999
the Northern Lights

728
00:32:39,229 --> 00:32:37,440
and the southern lights or aurora

729
00:32:43,789 --> 00:32:39,239
borealis in the Aurora Australis

730
00:32:45,649 --> 00:32:43,799
however Saturn's Aurora is not visible

731
00:32:48,259 --> 00:32:45,659
with the invisible is not seen in

732
00:32:50,899 --> 00:32:48,269
visible light it is only seen in

733
00:32:53,889 --> 00:32:50,909
ultraviolet light so again you need a

734
00:32:55,940 --> 00:32:53,899
Space Telescope and the ultraviolet

735
00:32:57,130 --> 00:32:55,950
capabilities on Hubble were improved by

736
00:32:59,799 --> 00:32:57,140
a factor of 10

737
00:33:03,010 --> 00:32:59,809
with the addition of stiffs enabling us

738
00:33:05,230 --> 00:33:03,020
to see amazing detail in the Aurora on

739
00:33:07,750 --> 00:33:05,240
Saturn but also by the way the Aurora on

740
00:33:11,710 --> 00:33:07,760
Jupiter also visible in ultraviolet

741
00:33:14,020 --> 00:33:11,720
light in the infrared we looked toward

742
00:33:14,740 --> 00:33:14,030
Uranus now if you've seen any pictures

743
00:33:18,340 --> 00:33:14,750
of Uranus

744
00:33:21,669 --> 00:33:18,350
it's pretty boring it's a pretty blasé

745
00:33:24,820 --> 00:33:21,679
nothing of a planet that's viewing it

746
00:33:26,830 --> 00:33:24,830
using visible light in infrared light we

747
00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:26,840
were actually able to see storms on

748
00:33:32,470 --> 00:33:29,450
Uranus we're able to get the highlights

749
00:33:36,070 --> 00:33:32,480
of the Rings around Uranus and multiple

750
00:33:38,500 --> 00:33:36,080
of many several of its moons taking

751
00:33:41,530 --> 00:33:38,510
transforming Uranus from a rather bland

752
00:33:43,180 --> 00:33:41,540
greenish planet to something with with a

753
00:33:48,310 --> 00:33:43,190
lot more structure seeing a lot more

754
00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:48,320
detail in the atmosphere of Uranus 1998

755
00:33:53,380 --> 00:33:51,290
is also noticeable note notable because

756
00:33:56,140 --> 00:33:53,390
it was the start of the Hubble heritage

757
00:33:58,960 --> 00:33:56,150
project Hubble heritage project is a

758
00:34:02,289 --> 00:33:58,970
project to go through the Hubble archive

759
00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:02,299
and find the best Hubble images that

760
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:04,730
haven't been released because of press

761
00:34:09,250 --> 00:34:07,010
not all the pretty pictures have a good

762
00:34:10,180 --> 00:34:09,260
press have have have great science that

763
00:34:12,070 --> 00:34:10,190
they're worthy of a press release

764
00:34:14,020 --> 00:34:12,080
there's a lot of really cool stuff in

765
00:34:16,899 --> 00:34:14,030
the Hubble archive and this project was

766
00:34:19,899 --> 00:34:16,909
started to go back and find those and in

767
00:34:22,240 --> 00:34:19,909
fact has blossomed into a major source

768
00:34:24,639 --> 00:34:22,250
of really cool Hubble images such that

769
00:34:27,099 --> 00:34:24,649
they often get some as time assigned to

770
00:34:29,740 --> 00:34:27,109
them in order to take really cool images

771
00:34:32,169 --> 00:34:29,750
for specifics for special special

772
00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:32,179
releases including our Hubble 25th

773
00:34:34,530 --> 00:34:33,530
anniversary image which I'll show you

774
00:34:39,369 --> 00:34:34,540
later

775
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:39,379
now Edwin Hubble was notable know they

776
00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:41,810
had two major scientific compliments

777
00:34:46,450 --> 00:34:44,090
that people associated with him one is

778
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:46,460
this observation of the Andromeda galaxy

779
00:34:52,510 --> 00:34:49,310
and really not the and he was looking

780
00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:52,520
these ends here indicate nobody okay he

781
00:34:56,020 --> 00:34:54,050
was looking for stars that would flash

782
00:34:59,400 --> 00:34:56,030
you're looking for nova in the andromeda

783
00:35:02,109 --> 00:34:59,410
galaxy but he found this one up here and

784
00:35:06,730 --> 00:35:02,119
actually found that it was a variable

785
00:35:08,650 --> 00:35:06,740
star and variable stars are special at

786
00:35:09,940 --> 00:35:08,660
least the Cepheid variable stars are

787
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:09,950
special in

788
00:35:13,870 --> 00:35:12,410
the period of their variability the

789
00:35:17,410 --> 00:35:13,880
amount of time it takes them to brighten

790
00:35:19,990 --> 00:35:17,420
and dim and brighten again is related to

791
00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:20,000
their absolute brightness and if you

792
00:35:24,220 --> 00:35:22,490
know their absolute brightness and you

793
00:35:27,820 --> 00:35:24,230
can compare to the apparent brightness

794
00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:27,830
you can calculate distances and Hubble's

795
00:35:34,750 --> 00:35:31,690
second major second second major

796
00:35:37,840 --> 00:35:34,760
discovery was that the distances to

797
00:35:38,770 --> 00:35:37,850
various galaxies were proportional to

798
00:35:40,690 --> 00:35:38,780
their redshift

799
00:35:43,720 --> 00:35:40,700
now the redshift is a measure of their

800
00:35:46,510 --> 00:35:43,730
parent motion away from the Milky Way

801
00:35:48,340 --> 00:35:46,520
all right when we look out into space we

802
00:35:50,890 --> 00:35:48,350
see that all galaxies appear to be

803
00:35:54,820 --> 00:35:50,900
receding from us and interpret this as

804
00:35:58,510 --> 00:35:54,830
the expansion of the universe so these

805
00:36:01,840 --> 00:35:58,520
are Hubble's great observations but you

806
00:36:04,990 --> 00:36:01,850
know what Edwin Hubble didn't have a

807
00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:05,000
hubble space telescope so he actually

808
00:36:09,670 --> 00:36:06,890
got the slope of this line pretty wrong

809
00:36:12,520 --> 00:36:09,680
he actually used the wrong type of

810
00:36:15,190 --> 00:36:12,530
Cepheid variable and got his numbers

811
00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:15,200
kind of well they had a lot of error in

812
00:36:19,900 --> 00:36:17,330
them but for the time they were great

813
00:36:22,590 --> 00:36:19,910
but we had the Hubble and one of the key

814
00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:22,600
projects for the hubble space telescope

815
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:27,290
was to nail down tighten up the

816
00:36:31,630 --> 00:36:29,810
expansion rate of the universe because

817
00:36:33,910 --> 00:36:31,640
at the time of Hubble's launched there

818
00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:33,920
was a camp that said no the universe is

819
00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:35,750
expanding at 50 kilometers per second

820
00:36:38,980 --> 00:36:37,490
per megaparsec you don't need to know

821
00:36:40,870 --> 00:36:38,990
what that means just you know that this

822
00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:40,880
was a 50 camp then there was another

823
00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:42,530
camp that said it was at a hundred

824
00:36:46,330 --> 00:36:44,570
kilometers per megaparsec okay

825
00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:46,340
kilometers per second per megaparsec and

826
00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:49,490
they were off by a factor of two all

827
00:36:53,830 --> 00:36:51,170
right and each of them had really good

828
00:36:55,990 --> 00:36:53,840
reasons for believing them so what we

829
00:36:58,360 --> 00:36:56,000
did with Hubble is we used those same

830
00:37:00,940 --> 00:36:58,370
Cepheid variables and we measured those

831
00:37:02,620 --> 00:37:00,950
Cepheid variables to all of as many

832
00:37:04,900 --> 00:37:02,630
local galaxies as we could using

833
00:37:07,050 --> 00:37:04,910
Hubble's resolution then of course

834
00:37:09,820 --> 00:37:07,060
measured the redshift for them and

835
00:37:13,330 --> 00:37:09,830
recalibrated a brand new Hubble diagram

836
00:37:15,120 --> 00:37:13,340
and this is a project that could not

837
00:37:17,820 --> 00:37:15,130
proceed during the first three years

838
00:37:19,980 --> 00:37:17,830
basically you needed the really

839
00:37:22,470 --> 00:37:19,990
the exquisite resolution that Hubble had

840
00:37:24,150 --> 00:37:22,480
after servicing mission 1 in order to

841
00:37:26,430 --> 00:37:24,160
proceed this so it took longer than we

842
00:37:29,310 --> 00:37:26,440
expected but after eight years of hard

843
00:37:32,460 --> 00:37:29,320
work and measuring the distances to 18

844
00:37:35,030 --> 00:37:32,470
different galaxies in the local area the

845
00:37:37,650 --> 00:37:35,040
HST key project on the Hubble constant

846
00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:37,660
finally released their result saying

847
00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:39,850
that the average in the local universe

848
00:37:46,140 --> 00:37:44,320
was a value of 70 plus or minus 10% and

849
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:46,150
I know that doesn't sound sound sound

850
00:37:50,070 --> 00:37:47,710
like much but for an astronomers who are

851
00:37:53,430 --> 00:37:50,080
used to a factor of two to get it down

852
00:37:55,760 --> 00:37:53,440
to 10% was amazing this was the

853
00:37:58,260 --> 00:37:55,770
beginning of our precision cosmology

854
00:38:00,750 --> 00:37:58,270
when our cosmological models which when

855
00:38:02,850 --> 00:38:00,760
I was in graduate school were wildly

856
00:38:04,260 --> 00:38:02,860
variable and you could you could take a

857
00:38:07,110 --> 00:38:04,270
lot of different parameters and still

858
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:07,120
fit the data finally we start getting

859
00:38:12,330 --> 00:38:09,930
precision we follow it up with the the

860
00:38:14,940 --> 00:38:12,340
Cosmic Microwave Background observations

861
00:38:18,300 --> 00:38:14,950
and such and over the course of Hubble's

862
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:18,310
lifetime we have gone from from a lot of

863
00:38:22,650 --> 00:38:20,410
uncertainty in our models down to a very

864
00:38:26,670 --> 00:38:22,660
tightly fit model this is one of the key

865
00:38:28,260 --> 00:38:26,680
points in that transition another really

866
00:38:30,210 --> 00:38:28,270
cool thing that caught my eye I wasn't

867
00:38:33,810 --> 00:38:30,220
at Hubble at the time I was up in New

868
00:38:38,340 --> 00:38:33,820
York was this image right here HR 47 96

869
00:38:40,530 --> 00:38:38,350
a now what this is is a is an image

870
00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:40,540
where the light from the star has been

871
00:38:45,180 --> 00:38:43,570
blocked by an occulting spot okay it's

872
00:38:46,740 --> 00:38:45,190
like when you're looking at the Sun and

873
00:38:48,630 --> 00:38:46,750
you go oh I want to block that right

874
00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:48,640
well that's all we do in astronomy we

875
00:38:54,290 --> 00:38:51,310
block the light of the star in order to

876
00:38:57,390 --> 00:38:54,300
see the faint material around it and

877
00:38:59,700 --> 00:38:57,400
this is on the scale of the distance to

878
00:39:03,990 --> 00:38:59,710
that star the diameter of Neptune's

879
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:04,000
orbit we had in the 1990s just begun

880
00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:06,010
discovered the Kuiper belt in our own

881
00:39:13,170 --> 00:39:09,910
solar system and when I we saw 47 96 a

882
00:39:15,060 --> 00:39:13,180
we pointed that and said damn that looks

883
00:39:18,380 --> 00:39:15,070
like we're seeing a Kuiper belt in

884
00:39:21,930 --> 00:39:18,390
another solar system around another star

885
00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:21,940
starting to see and in this one HD one

886
00:39:27,260 --> 00:39:23,350
four one five six nine

887
00:39:30,150 --> 00:39:27,270
you see rings but you also see a gap and

888
00:39:32,190 --> 00:39:30,160
gaps are really important because

889
00:39:35,100 --> 00:39:32,200
the only way a gap opens up is if

890
00:39:37,530 --> 00:39:35,110
there's a gravitational force pulling to

891
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:37,540
create that gap it doesn't mean that

892
00:39:41,070 --> 00:39:39,310
there's a planet inside the gap there

893
00:39:43,650 --> 00:39:41,080
could be but there could also be a

894
00:39:46,110 --> 00:39:43,660
planet inside inside or outside that

895
00:39:49,050 --> 00:39:46,120
gravitational resonance is opening up

896
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:49,060
that gap we're beginning to not only see

897
00:39:52,620 --> 00:39:51,010
planetary systems in formation but to

898
00:39:54,770 --> 00:39:52,630
start to see some of the details of

899
00:39:59,010 --> 00:39:54,780
planetary systems

900
00:40:02,850 --> 00:39:59,020
well 1999 ended on a sour note in

901
00:40:05,190 --> 00:40:02,860
November of 1999 we lost our fourth gyro

902
00:40:07,620 --> 00:40:05,200
when a Hubble has six gyroscopes on it

903
00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:07,630
and it needs three gyroscopes to point

904
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:09,730
you've got three directions XY and Z and

905
00:40:13,170 --> 00:40:11,920
you need three gyroscopes to work with

906
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:13,180
each other to point the telescope

907
00:40:19,290 --> 00:40:16,810
accurately well one of our fourth

908
00:40:22,260 --> 00:40:19,300
gyroscopes failed in November of 1999

909
00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:22,270
Hubble was paid to safe mode and Hubble

910
00:40:28,860 --> 00:40:25,690
could not do any more observations until

911
00:40:31,890 --> 00:40:28,870
the astronauts went up to repair it how

912
00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:31,900
long was that going to take not long

913
00:40:38,370 --> 00:40:34,810
NASA came to the rescue and in December

914
00:40:40,710 --> 00:40:38,380
1999 they put a Hubble servicing mission

915
00:40:43,590 --> 00:40:40,720
on to the manifest onto the shuttle

916
00:40:47,610 --> 00:40:43,600
manifest very quickly servicing mission

917
00:40:49,260 --> 00:40:47,620
3a now it's called 3a because we had a

918
00:40:51,120 --> 00:40:49,270
much larger servicing mission plan

919
00:40:53,820 --> 00:40:51,130
servicing full servicing mission three

920
00:40:56,220 --> 00:40:53,830
but because Hubble needed Hardware

921
00:40:58,760 --> 00:40:56,230
repairs they took the hardware repairs

922
00:41:00,510 --> 00:40:58,770
only and pushed it up in the schedule

923
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:00,520
got up to Hubble

924
00:41:06,210 --> 00:41:03,010
almost immediately did the hardware

925
00:41:08,100 --> 00:41:06,220
repairs replace the gyroscopes you know

926
00:41:11,370 --> 00:41:08,110
topped off the fluids wash the

927
00:41:13,950 --> 00:41:11,380
windshield replace the magnet and the

928
00:41:16,670 --> 00:41:13,960
the recorders put on outer blanket

929
00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:16,680
layers insulation stuff like that okay

930
00:41:22,020 --> 00:41:19,120
didn't add any new capability to Hubble

931
00:41:24,660 --> 00:41:22,030
but repaired it and got it back into

932
00:41:26,610 --> 00:41:24,670
working order now of course when you

933
00:41:28,770 --> 00:41:26,620
have a successful servicing mission you

934
00:41:31,320 --> 00:41:28,780
have to announce it with with some

935
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:31,330
beautiful images and in 2000 we

936
00:41:36,450 --> 00:41:33,970
announced it with this this was one of

937
00:41:40,650 --> 00:41:36,460
the images we use to announce it this is

938
00:41:42,850 --> 00:41:40,660
the galaxy cluster Abell 22-18 this is a

939
00:41:46,360 --> 00:41:42,860
galaxy cluster with thousands

940
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:46,370
galaxies and the mass concentration in

941
00:41:51,910 --> 00:41:48,170
this globular cluster in this galaxy

942
00:41:55,390 --> 00:41:51,920
cluster is so great that it actually

943
00:41:57,490 --> 00:41:55,400
warps space now general relativity for

944
00:41:58,690 --> 00:41:57,500
those of you who come often there's a

945
00:42:04,230 --> 00:41:58,700
three word summary of general relativity

946
00:42:07,810 --> 00:42:04,240
anybody remember it mass warps space

947
00:42:09,970 --> 00:42:07,820
everybody say it with me mass warps

948
00:42:12,220 --> 00:42:09,980
space that's all you need to know about

949
00:42:16,030 --> 00:42:12,230
general relativity alright and there's

950
00:42:19,570 --> 00:42:16,040
so much mass in this galaxy cluster that

951
00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:19,580
the space has become warped and these

952
00:42:24,820 --> 00:42:22,010
are key streaky things that you see

953
00:42:27,820 --> 00:42:24,830
around this galaxy cluster are images of

954
00:42:30,070 --> 00:42:27,830
galaxies behind the cluster whose light

955
00:42:32,980 --> 00:42:30,080
has come through this warped space and

956
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:32,990
becomes stretched out while passing

957
00:42:37,480 --> 00:42:34,910
through that warp space they're

958
00:42:40,510 --> 00:42:37,490
normal-looking galaxies but the images

959
00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:40,520
have become distorted by passing through

960
00:42:49,390 --> 00:42:44,690
distorted space how cool is that

961
00:42:51,910 --> 00:42:49,400
and you will note how thin and detailed

962
00:42:54,310 --> 00:42:51,920
you have to look in order to see these

963
00:42:55,510 --> 00:42:54,320
these gravitational lenses these

964
00:42:59,790 --> 00:42:55,520
gravitationally lensed

965
00:43:02,440 --> 00:42:59,800
arcs and Hubble's resolution has enabled

966
00:43:05,710 --> 00:43:02,450
greater studies of gravitational lensing

967
00:43:08,380 --> 00:43:05,720
than was ever possible before seeing

968
00:43:11,470 --> 00:43:08,390
that amazing detail these fine detailed

969
00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:11,480
structures possible with Hubble and

970
00:43:17,110 --> 00:43:14,210
gravitational lensing it has really

971
00:43:21,100 --> 00:43:17,120
greatly put forward on the field of that

972
00:43:24,970 --> 00:43:21,110
field 2001 we returned to the solar

973
00:43:28,360 --> 00:43:24,980
system and Mars makes periodic

974
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:28,370
approaches by earth ok earth is orbiting

975
00:43:32,440 --> 00:43:30,110
around a little faster than Mars Mars

976
00:43:35,140 --> 00:43:32,450
takes a little bit longer every two two

977
00:43:36,880 --> 00:43:35,150
and a half years they come to what's

978
00:43:40,330 --> 00:43:36,890
called conjunction Earth and Mars are at

979
00:43:43,750 --> 00:43:40,340
their closest approach ok Hubble always

980
00:43:46,420 --> 00:43:43,760
takes pictures of Mars why because the

981
00:43:48,580 --> 00:43:46,430
public loves the solar system alright

982
00:43:49,570 --> 00:43:48,590
you know cosmology is great those

983
00:43:52,120 --> 00:43:49,580
gravitational lensing things are

984
00:43:53,980 --> 00:43:52,130
fantastic but you know what the public

985
00:43:56,259 --> 00:43:53,990
responds to a solar system press release

986
00:43:58,659 --> 00:43:56,269
more than anything else

987
00:44:00,249 --> 00:43:58,669
also it's a really good time to study

988
00:44:02,559 --> 00:44:00,259
Mars and we've got the best resolution

989
00:44:04,659 --> 00:44:02,569
that you can say you can have from Earth

990
00:44:05,979 --> 00:44:04,669
now of course the resolution is nothing

991
00:44:08,229 --> 00:44:05,989
compared to the spacecraft that are

992
00:44:10,749 --> 00:44:08,239
there at Mars we can't compete with that

993
00:44:13,089 --> 00:44:10,759
but you know we can do we can do some

994
00:44:16,659 --> 00:44:13,099
things one of the things we can do which

995
00:44:19,659 --> 00:44:16,669
we can monitor it long term see in June

996
00:44:22,809 --> 00:44:19,669
of 2001 here's the picture of Mars and

997
00:44:25,349 --> 00:44:22,819
you see that down that's the helis basin

998
00:44:28,479 --> 00:44:25,359
down there and there was a dust storm

999
00:44:30,519 --> 00:44:28,489
brewing in the Hellas Basin okay a giant

1000
00:44:33,159 --> 00:44:30,529
impact crater on Mars got a dust storm

1001
00:44:34,419 --> 00:44:33,169
brewing and so we watched it and we

1002
00:44:39,209 --> 00:44:34,429
looked in September

1003
00:44:42,069 --> 00:44:39,219
oh no is the flaw in the mirror back no

1004
00:44:45,629 --> 00:44:42,079
the dust storm that was a localized

1005
00:44:46,799 --> 00:44:45,639
disturbance in June has gone global in

1006
00:44:50,499 --> 00:44:46,809
September

1007
00:44:53,079 --> 00:44:50,509
Mars's atmosphere is 1/100 the density

1008
00:44:55,509 --> 00:44:53,089
of Earth's atmosphere and localized

1009
00:44:58,689 --> 00:44:55,519
disturbances can propagate to become

1010
00:44:59,079 --> 00:44:58,699
global phenomena that's what happens

1011
00:45:02,289 --> 00:44:59,089
here

1012
00:45:06,059 --> 00:45:02,299
Hubble gets to monitor the planets over

1013
00:45:09,279 --> 00:45:06,069
the course of decades when you send a

1014
00:45:12,099 --> 00:45:09,289
spacecraft to a planet it's there for a

1015
00:45:13,719 --> 00:45:12,109
few years you know a Cassini is done

1016
00:45:15,609 --> 00:45:13,729
absolutely amazing being there as long

1017
00:45:17,649 --> 00:45:15,619
as it has been but Hubble is around

1018
00:45:18,939 --> 00:45:17,659
there for decades and sometimes I like

1019
00:45:21,789 --> 00:45:18,949
to refer to Hubble as the interplanetary

1020
00:45:24,069 --> 00:45:21,799
weather channel because it can monitor

1021
00:45:29,229 --> 00:45:24,079
what's going on in these planets from

1022
00:45:34,959 --> 00:45:29,239
here at earth over long-term 2001 also

1023
00:45:37,739 --> 00:45:34,969
saw an amazing amazing discovery this is

1024
00:45:42,999 --> 00:45:37,749
the Hubble Deep Field that was done in

1025
00:45:44,919 --> 00:45:43,009
1995 and in that ours this galaxies here

1026
00:45:48,879 --> 00:45:44,929
this the small suite of galaxies here

1027
00:45:53,589 --> 00:45:48,889
and in this galaxy here we observed a

1028
00:45:58,179 --> 00:45:53,599
supernova this galaxy is however 10

1029
00:46:01,599 --> 00:45:58,189
billion light years away making this the

1030
00:46:03,369 --> 00:46:01,609
most distant supernovae ever observed

1031
00:46:05,469 --> 00:46:03,379
now what you're seeing the lower

1032
00:46:08,199 --> 00:46:05,479
right-hand panel is basically two images

1033
00:46:09,430 --> 00:46:08,209
of this of these galaxies subtracted to

1034
00:46:11,740 --> 00:46:09,440
show you the light remain

1035
00:46:16,180 --> 00:46:11,750
that extra light that came from that

1036
00:46:21,309 --> 00:46:16,190
supernova now what's really cool about

1037
00:46:24,880 --> 00:46:21,319
this is that this supernova being so far

1038
00:46:27,339 --> 00:46:24,890
away being able to give us the distance

1039
00:46:29,410 --> 00:46:27,349
to that galaxy and compare it to its

1040
00:46:33,540 --> 00:46:29,420
redshift like we did with the Hubble

1041
00:46:37,059 --> 00:46:33,550
diagram was helped able to nail down a

1042
00:46:40,120 --> 00:46:37,069
cosmological model as you may be aware

1043
00:46:43,089 --> 00:46:40,130
in the late 1990s we had evidence that

1044
00:46:44,710 --> 00:46:43,099
the universe was accelerating the

1045
00:46:46,329 --> 00:46:44,720
expansion of the universe instead of

1046
00:46:50,410 --> 00:46:46,339
slowing down like we'd always thought it

1047
00:46:53,920 --> 00:46:50,420
would appears to be going faster but we

1048
00:46:55,750 --> 00:46:53,930
couldn't really tell unless we look way

1049
00:46:58,839 --> 00:46:55,760
way out in the universe our confidence

1050
00:47:00,940 --> 00:46:58,849
locally was very strong but unless we

1051
00:47:02,530 --> 00:47:00,950
looked way way out in the universe to

1052
00:47:07,390 --> 00:47:02,540
see back when the universe was slowing

1053
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:07,400
down could we truly tell this galaxy

1054
00:47:13,690 --> 00:47:11,210
this supernova at a redshift of 1.7 the

1055
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:13,700
most distant supernova ever observed was

1056
00:47:19,930 --> 00:47:17,810
a crucial point in getting in accepting

1057
00:47:23,349 --> 00:47:19,940
the accelerating universe and the

1058
00:47:27,880 --> 00:47:23,359
discovery of dark energy the kind of

1059
00:47:30,130 --> 00:47:27,890
thing only observable with Hubble 2002

1060
00:47:34,540 --> 00:47:30,140
we got the second half of servicing

1061
00:47:37,450 --> 00:47:34,550
mission 3 servicing mission 3b and again

1062
00:47:40,630 --> 00:47:37,460
the wonderful astronauts who went up and

1063
00:47:44,079 --> 00:47:40,640
serviced it now 2,000 smidgen 3b was

1064
00:47:47,020 --> 00:47:44,089
especially cool because we had for the

1065
00:47:49,180 --> 00:47:47,030
first time a major change of our primary

1066
00:47:51,720 --> 00:47:49,190
observing instrument we had been using

1067
00:47:54,010 --> 00:47:51,730
wide field planetary camera 2 since 1993

1068
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:54,020
which was installed and servicing

1069
00:47:58,120 --> 00:47:56,810
mission 1 and in this servicing mission

1070
00:48:01,630 --> 00:47:58,130
we installed the advanced camera for

1071
00:48:06,940 --> 00:48:01,640
surveys going from a 3 megapixel camera

1072
00:48:09,339 --> 00:48:06,950
to a 16 megapixel camera going from one

1073
00:48:11,880 --> 00:48:09,349
tenth of an arcsecond resolution to one

1074
00:48:15,099 --> 00:48:11,890
twentieth of mark second resolution so

1075
00:48:19,230 --> 00:48:15,109
slightly larger field of view higher

1076
00:48:21,910 --> 00:48:19,240
resolution more pixels really exciting

1077
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:21,920
we also during this mission I'll have to

1078
00:48:27,640 --> 00:48:22,910
say there

1079
00:48:29,230 --> 00:48:27,650
a power unit repair and I have to say

1080
00:48:31,450 --> 00:48:29,240
that one of the most dramatic lines I've

1081
00:48:33,069 --> 00:48:31,460
heard a NASA you know the the NASA guys

1082
00:48:34,750 --> 00:48:33,079
who are who are narrating these things

1083
00:48:38,529 --> 00:48:34,760
and they're very calm and very

1084
00:48:40,059 --> 00:48:38,539
professional he said something like you

1085
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:40,069
know that when they disconnected the

1086
00:48:44,170 --> 00:48:41,690
power unit in order to do the repair

1087
00:48:49,890 --> 00:48:44,180
he said for the first time Hubble is

1088
00:48:53,770 --> 00:48:52,180
fortunately Hubble did recover from

1089
00:48:57,190 --> 00:48:53,780
open-heart surgery uh-huh

1090
00:48:59,079 --> 00:48:57,200
to go on and do amazing things with our

1091
00:49:01,420 --> 00:48:59,089
early release observations we included

1092
00:49:03,819 --> 00:49:01,430
this image of the mice galaxies which

1093
00:49:05,950 --> 00:49:03,829
looks a bit like the antennae but it's

1094
00:49:07,450 --> 00:49:05,960
now at Hubble resolution that antenna

1095
00:49:09,849 --> 00:49:07,460
image I showed you was from the ground

1096
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:09,859
here you get to see all the detail as

1097
00:49:15,970 --> 00:49:12,410
well as those big long tidal tails and

1098
00:49:18,240 --> 00:49:15,980
the mice were part of our press release

1099
00:49:20,470 --> 00:49:18,250
to say Hubble is back and working

1100
00:49:23,339 --> 00:49:20,480
perhaps the most successful press

1101
00:49:29,049 --> 00:49:23,349
release we've ever done because we got

1102
00:49:32,019 --> 00:49:29,059
one two three four Hubble images on the

1103
00:49:37,289 --> 00:49:32,029
front page of the New York Times in full

1104
00:49:40,269 --> 00:49:37,299
color above the fold a grand slam of

1105
00:49:43,269 --> 00:49:40,279
public outreach if ever there was one

1106
00:49:44,109 --> 00:49:43,279
I don't know how we could possibly do

1107
00:49:47,380 --> 00:49:44,119
any better than that

1108
00:49:49,260 --> 00:49:47,390
so but we have tried for the past 13

1109
00:49:51,430 --> 00:49:49,270
years all right

1110
00:49:54,460 --> 00:49:51,440
2003 that advanced camera for surveys

1111
00:49:57,130 --> 00:49:54,470
puts it 16 megapixels to use and we

1112
00:50:00,519 --> 00:49:57,140
start doing mosaics this is a mosaic of

1113
00:50:03,279 --> 00:50:00,529
72 million pixels of the sombrero galaxy

1114
00:50:06,010 --> 00:50:03,289
and it's a gorgeous galaxy with it's

1115
00:50:08,799 --> 00:50:06,020
amazing dust disk and the big halo of

1116
00:50:11,109 --> 00:50:08,809
stars but also you'll find that the

1117
00:50:14,140 --> 00:50:11,119
background galaxies all the details in

1118
00:50:15,970 --> 00:50:14,150
the background ACS is that much more

1119
00:50:17,769 --> 00:50:15,980
sensitive that it's not just the

1120
00:50:19,029 --> 00:50:17,779
foreground objects but we find ourselves

1121
00:50:21,789 --> 00:50:19,039
starting looking through the background

1122
00:50:24,690 --> 00:50:21,799
objects we're seeing amazing detail in

1123
00:50:28,779 --> 00:50:24,700
the background of all our images as well

1124
00:50:31,510 --> 00:50:28,789
too we also took a very deep look at a

1125
00:50:34,059 --> 00:50:31,520
nothing part near the Andromeda galaxy

1126
00:50:35,740 --> 00:50:34,069
so this is the region that we studied

1127
00:50:38,320 --> 00:50:35,750
well away from the center of the

1128
00:50:40,360 --> 00:50:38,330
a galaxy in the halo of the andromeda

1129
00:50:44,290 --> 00:50:40,370
galaxy we did what we call the stellar

1130
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:44,300
deep field and this is an image in one

1131
00:50:50,280 --> 00:50:47,210
at which almost all the stars you see

1132
00:50:53,260 --> 00:50:50,290
are not in our galaxy

1133
00:50:57,190 --> 00:50:53,270
almost all the stars you see are in the

1134
00:50:59,530 --> 00:50:57,200
Andromeda galaxy this is an amazingly

1135
00:51:03,100 --> 00:50:59,540
deep image to study the stellar

1136
00:51:05,470 --> 00:51:03,110
populations within the Andromeda galaxy

1137
00:51:07,570 --> 00:51:05,480
for example okay by the way these also

1138
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:07,580
are background galaxies we can't get rid

1139
00:51:11,170 --> 00:51:08,810
of them okay they're gonna be in the

1140
00:51:14,100 --> 00:51:11,180
background at all times but see this guy

1141
00:51:17,710 --> 00:51:14,110
right here that is a globular cluster

1142
00:51:20,440 --> 00:51:17,720
not in our galaxy but in the end dromeda

1143
00:51:23,350 --> 00:51:20,450
galaxy and for comparison I give you a

1144
00:51:25,690 --> 00:51:23,360
globular cluster in our own galaxy also

1145
00:51:29,080 --> 00:51:25,700
taken with Hubble Messier 80 in the

1146
00:51:31,530 --> 00:51:29,090
Milky Way and I guess what is it g1 or

1147
00:51:33,640 --> 00:51:31,540
something like that in Andromeda

1148
00:51:36,310 --> 00:51:33,650
absolutely amazing that we can get this

1149
00:51:41,190 --> 00:51:36,320
detail from a galaxy two-and-a-half

1150
00:51:45,430 --> 00:51:41,200
million light-years away unfortunately

1151
00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:45,440
this is a shot of the astronauts at the

1152
00:51:49,290 --> 00:51:47,210
landing of the space shuttle Columbia

1153
00:51:51,280 --> 00:51:49,300
after servicing mission three and

1154
00:51:53,260 --> 00:51:51,290
unfortunately this was the last

1155
00:51:55,960 --> 00:51:53,270
successful mission of the space shuttle

1156
00:51:58,300 --> 00:51:55,970
Columbia on its next mission it

1157
00:52:01,780 --> 00:51:58,310
disintegrated as it was coming in over

1158
00:52:04,750 --> 00:52:01,790
Texas and this gentleman right here Sean

1159
00:52:10,060 --> 00:52:04,760
O'Keefe was the then NASA Administrator

1160
00:52:12,190 --> 00:52:10,070
and in January of 2004 he decided that

1161
00:52:15,340 --> 00:52:12,200
it was too dangerous to go back to

1162
00:52:17,740 --> 00:52:15,350
Hubble that there was no safe haven for

1163
00:52:18,940 --> 00:52:17,750
the astronauts if they were going to the

1164
00:52:20,470 --> 00:52:18,950
space station

1165
00:52:22,240 --> 00:52:20,480
well the astronauts could hang out on

1166
00:52:25,630 --> 00:52:22,250
the space station if there was a problem

1167
00:52:28,210 --> 00:52:25,640
with the shuttle until a rescue mission

1168
00:52:28,960 --> 00:52:28,220
could be sent up but Hubble there was no

1169
00:52:32,050 --> 00:52:28,970
safe haven

1170
00:52:34,330 --> 00:52:32,060
so in January 2004 he announced the

1171
00:52:36,730 --> 00:52:34,340
cancellation of our last servicing

1172
00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:36,740
mission servicing mission for would be

1173
00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:41,890
no more I cannot describe the

1174
00:52:47,940 --> 00:52:43,810
I don't want to say depression but they

1175
00:52:50,340 --> 00:52:47,950
just the general around this building at

1176
00:52:51,930 --> 00:52:50,350
the time all right we'd been through so

1177
00:52:53,760 --> 00:52:51,940
much in getting and Hubble has tries

1178
00:52:58,020 --> 00:52:53,770
triumph but to not have that last

1179
00:52:59,460 --> 00:52:58,030
servicing mission well that was a that

1180
00:53:02,400 --> 00:52:59,470
was quite a blow we've already started

1181
00:53:04,080 --> 00:53:02,410
building the instruments for it okay but

1182
00:53:06,540 --> 00:53:04,090
that's not that doesn't mean that the

1183
00:53:09,980 --> 00:53:06,550
science stops so this is an image

1184
00:53:14,430 --> 00:53:09,990
released in 1994 looking at supernova

1185
00:53:15,960 --> 00:53:14,440
1987a now 87a is the closest supernova

1186
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:15,970
since the invention of the telescope

1187
00:53:19,740 --> 00:53:17,710
it's actually in the Large Magellanic

1188
00:53:21,840 --> 00:53:19,750
Cloud a satellite galaxy of the Milky

1189
00:53:23,670 --> 00:53:21,850
Way we've been very unlucky for the past

1190
00:53:28,490 --> 00:53:23,680
four hundred years we haven't had a good

1191
00:53:31,830 --> 00:53:28,500
supernova in our own galaxy but 87a

1192
00:53:34,110 --> 00:53:31,840
explode we observe the explosion in 1987

1193
00:53:36,030 --> 00:53:34,120
and this was the Hubble image in 1994

1194
00:53:38,520 --> 00:53:36,040
and you can see here is the star that

1195
00:53:42,260 --> 00:53:38,530
exploded here you can see there's a ring

1196
00:53:45,750 --> 00:53:42,270
here and these two amazing rings here

1197
00:53:49,080 --> 00:53:45,760
indicating that before the star exploded

1198
00:53:50,040 --> 00:53:49,090
there was some outbursts of material to

1199
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:50,050
create these rings

1200
00:53:55,680 --> 00:53:53,410
whether it was jets illuminating this

1201
00:53:57,780 --> 00:53:55,690
you know rotating jets that would

1202
00:54:00,210 --> 00:53:57,790
illuminate the of these rings you have

1203
00:54:01,950 --> 00:54:00,220
this ring of material here well we've

1204
00:54:04,290 --> 00:54:01,960
been following it ever since

1205
00:54:07,380 --> 00:54:04,300
okay the closest supernova you betcha

1206
00:54:09,450 --> 00:54:07,390
Hubble's gonna follow it and in 2004 we

1207
00:54:12,330 --> 00:54:09,460
released this amazing series images of

1208
00:54:14,160 --> 00:54:12,340
that central ring so here is that ring

1209
00:54:15,420 --> 00:54:14,170
this bright spot here is just a star

1210
00:54:18,420 --> 00:54:15,430
that happens to be along the line of

1211
00:54:22,740 --> 00:54:18,430
sight so you can ignore that but as we

1212
00:54:26,130 --> 00:54:22,750
go through 95 96 to 98 you start to see

1213
00:54:26,640 --> 00:54:26,140
other bright spots lighting up along the

1214
00:54:29,010 --> 00:54:26,650
ring

1215
00:54:32,850 --> 00:54:29,020
you'll also notice this central region

1216
00:54:35,520 --> 00:54:32,860
becoming blurrier and bigger until in

1217
00:54:38,700 --> 00:54:35,530
2003 you can see the entire ring is

1218
00:54:41,250 --> 00:54:38,710
basically lit up and this is the

1219
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:41,260
supernova remnant what's happening here

1220
00:54:46,860 --> 00:54:44,110
is the star explodes and a shockwave

1221
00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:46,870
is sent out at tens of millions of miles

1222
00:54:50,550 --> 00:54:47,410
an hour

1223
00:54:52,550 --> 00:54:50,560
across interstellar space what you're

1224
00:54:55,990 --> 00:54:52,560
seeing here is that shockwave

1225
00:54:58,630 --> 00:54:56,000
encountering that inner ring and

1226
00:55:01,900 --> 00:54:58,640
heating up that inner rain we're seeing

1227
00:55:03,760 --> 00:55:01,910
in real-time the shockwave smashing into

1228
00:55:07,900 --> 00:55:03,770
this ring creating all these bright

1229
00:55:11,770 --> 00:55:07,910
regions plus we are seeing the gas of

1230
00:55:14,110 --> 00:55:11,780
the supernova remnant expand out in real

1231
00:55:16,450 --> 00:55:14,120
time we've been following this ever

1232
00:55:19,510 --> 00:55:16,460
since it's absolutely amazing not too

1233
00:55:22,210 --> 00:55:19,520
many things in astronomy happen in real

1234
00:55:23,920 --> 00:55:22,220
time and Hubble has been there to be

1235
00:55:29,380 --> 00:55:23,930
able to monitor the expansion of

1236
00:55:30,820 --> 00:55:29,390
supernova 87a now also in 1996 we did

1237
00:55:35,770 --> 00:55:30,830
the Hubble Deep Field I'd mentioned it

1238
00:55:38,320 --> 00:55:35,780
previously this was quite a risky

1239
00:55:41,170 --> 00:55:38,330
observation basically the director at

1240
00:55:44,110 --> 00:55:41,180
the time put all his discretionary time

1241
00:55:45,880 --> 00:55:44,120
into one observation and it's an

1242
00:55:49,810 --> 00:55:45,890
observation that a lot of astronomers

1243
00:55:52,720 --> 00:55:49,820
said would totally fail because distant

1244
00:55:54,790 --> 00:55:52,730
galaxies if you believe some models were

1245
00:55:58,060 --> 00:55:54,800
predicted to be too small for even

1246
00:56:00,400 --> 00:55:58,070
Hubble to see that as you go further out

1247
00:56:03,370 --> 00:56:00,410
the galaxies smaller and smaller you're

1248
00:56:05,230 --> 00:56:03,380
not going to be able to see anything but

1249
00:56:07,540 --> 00:56:05,240
he put all his eggs in one basket and

1250
00:56:10,330 --> 00:56:07,550
produced this amazing image the Hubble

1251
00:56:13,210 --> 00:56:10,340
Deep Field showing that you really could

1252
00:56:15,580 --> 00:56:13,220
do deep universe observations with how

1253
00:56:18,160 --> 00:56:15,590
well that Hubble's resolution was good

1254
00:56:20,050 --> 00:56:18,170
enough well we got the advanced camera

1255
00:56:22,240 --> 00:56:20,060
for surveys the direct new director said

1256
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:22,250
I got to repeat this with our new

1257
00:56:28,240 --> 00:56:24,310
instrument with twice the resolution and

1258
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:28,250
many times the pixels and so in 2004 we

1259
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:30,410
also came out with the Hubble Ultra Deep

1260
00:56:38,440 --> 00:56:35,710
Field okay and this is probably the most

1261
00:56:41,230 --> 00:56:38,450
scientifically productive image Hubble

1262
00:56:44,650 --> 00:56:41,240
has ever created all right it has

1263
00:56:46,690 --> 00:56:44,660
approximately 10,000 galaxies all the

1264
00:56:49,540 --> 00:56:46,700
way stretched across space and time

1265
00:56:52,030 --> 00:56:49,550
looking way out into the universe from

1266
00:56:53,530 --> 00:56:52,040
our big nearby galaxies and when I say

1267
00:56:55,390 --> 00:56:53,540
nearby I know that that galaxy is about

1268
00:56:57,520 --> 00:56:55,400
two billion light-years away so that's

1269
00:56:59,860 --> 00:56:57,530
nearby in this image just a couple

1270
00:57:01,660 --> 00:56:59,870
billion light-years away is nearby all

1271
00:57:03,070 --> 00:57:01,670
the way down to I don't know if I can

1272
00:57:05,590 --> 00:57:03,080
pick out one of the red dots there's a

1273
00:57:07,150 --> 00:57:05,600
bunch of little red tiny red dots you

1274
00:57:08,580 --> 00:57:07,160
probably can't see it at this resolution

1275
00:57:12,270 --> 00:57:08,590
tiny time

1276
00:57:15,330 --> 00:57:12,280
red dot stretching out 10 billion

1277
00:57:17,520 --> 00:57:15,340
light-years across the universe a core

1278
00:57:21,540 --> 00:57:17,530
sample through the universe looking at

1279
00:57:25,560 --> 00:57:21,550
galaxies out in space but also back in

1280
00:57:28,950 --> 00:57:25,570
time because this galaxy being 2 billion

1281
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:28,960
light years away the light has taken 2

1282
00:57:35,520 --> 00:57:32,110
billion years to cross the intervening

1283
00:57:41,430 --> 00:57:35,530
space so we're seeing this galaxy as it

1284
00:57:45,540 --> 00:57:41,440
was 2 billion years ago this image looks

1285
00:57:48,540 --> 00:57:45,550
out into space back into time and shows

1286
00:57:49,970 --> 00:57:48,550
us the history of galaxy development

1287
00:57:52,890 --> 00:57:49,980
across the universe

1288
00:57:54,570 --> 00:57:52,900
you know a history teacher can't look

1289
00:57:57,600 --> 00:57:54,580
out and see the battles of get Battle of

1290
00:58:00,390 --> 00:57:57,610
Gettysburg but we as astronomers can

1291
00:58:03,630 --> 00:58:00,400
look out and see what galaxies were like

1292
00:58:06,030 --> 00:58:03,640
billions of years ago to give us an

1293
00:58:09,890 --> 00:58:06,040
understanding of how galaxies developed

1294
00:58:17,250 --> 00:58:14,220
unfortunately in early 2005 the advanced

1295
00:58:20,010 --> 00:58:17,260
camera for surveys its warranty

1296
00:58:22,170 --> 00:58:20,020
obviously expired and it had an

1297
00:58:24,660 --> 00:58:22,180
electrical fault okay all of our

1298
00:58:26,880 --> 00:58:24,670
instruments on Hubble have redundant

1299
00:58:29,220 --> 00:58:26,890
electronics the one side of the

1300
00:58:31,230 --> 00:58:29,230
electronics had failed previously the

1301
00:58:32,970 --> 00:58:31,240
second side of the atronics failed our

1302
00:58:35,250 --> 00:58:32,980
main instrument the instrument that took

1303
00:58:36,150 --> 00:58:35,260
that Hubble Ultra Deep Field image was

1304
00:58:39,170 --> 00:58:36,160
now offline

1305
00:58:42,420 --> 00:58:39,180
here it is 2005 and what are we gonna do

1306
00:58:44,820 --> 00:58:42,430
we're gonna go back to the white oak I'm

1307
00:58:48,030 --> 00:58:44,830
sorry this isn't this is an ACS this is

1308
00:58:49,890 --> 00:58:48,040
this just failed in 2005 ACS will fail a

1309
00:58:53,340 --> 00:58:49,900
little a little later sorry about that I

1310
00:58:55,680 --> 00:58:53,350
blown it the surprise is gone okay um

1311
00:58:58,380 --> 00:58:55,690
the Space Telescope imaging spectrograph

1312
00:58:59,940 --> 00:58:58,390
failed first I'm sorry I should know

1313
00:59:02,010 --> 00:58:59,950
because the the picture of the ACS

1314
00:59:04,170 --> 00:59:02,020
actually says ACS on it all right this

1315
00:59:06,240 --> 00:59:04,180
is not them trying to repair it this is

1316
00:59:09,240 --> 00:59:06,250
actually as they were building this dis

1317
00:59:10,500 --> 00:59:09,250
instrument okay not to get anybody think

1318
00:59:14,210 --> 00:59:10,510
that we actually could go up and do this

1319
00:59:17,940 --> 00:59:14,220
kind of repair so we're without still

1320
00:59:20,010 --> 00:59:17,950
2005 our 15th anniversary we released

1321
00:59:20,550 --> 00:59:20,020
this amazing image of the Whirlpool

1322
00:59:21,780 --> 00:59:20,560
Galaxy

1323
00:59:26,190 --> 00:59:21,790
also known as

1324
00:59:28,650 --> 00:59:26,200
see a 50 196 million pixels of visual

1325
00:59:30,330 --> 00:59:28,660
goodness here what I love about this

1326
00:59:33,120 --> 00:59:30,340
image is that you can see the

1327
00:59:35,310 --> 00:59:33,130
progression of star formation within a

1328
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:35,320
galaxy you've got the dark dust lanes

1329
00:59:40,860 --> 00:59:38,710
that that identify the spiral arms that

1330
00:59:43,020 --> 00:59:40,870
trace the spiral arms outside of them

1331
00:59:45,240 --> 00:59:43,030
you've got all these pink regions these

1332
00:59:47,120 --> 00:59:45,250
are the star forming regions we're still

1333
00:59:50,550 --> 00:59:47,130
where that dense gas and the dust

1334
00:59:52,350 --> 00:59:50,560
collapses and creates new stars and then

1335
00:59:54,360 --> 00:59:52,360
outside of those pink regions you see

1336
00:59:57,870 --> 00:59:54,370
these wonderful blue star clusters the

1337
01:00:00,300 --> 00:59:57,880
newborn stars going from the dense gas

1338
01:00:02,070 --> 01:00:00,310
that collapses to the stars that form to

1339
01:00:06,600 --> 01:00:02,080
the star clusters that are revealed when

1340
01:00:09,090 --> 01:00:06,610
that star formation is done also in 2005

1341
01:00:13,920 --> 01:00:09,100
we got this amazing picture of the Crab

1342
01:00:15,990 --> 01:00:13,930
Nebula this is a supernova not 10 or 20

1343
01:00:18,240 --> 01:00:16,000
years after it had exploded but a

1344
01:00:20,910 --> 01:00:18,250
thousand years after it exploded this

1345
01:00:24,870 --> 01:00:20,920
supernova was observed by chinese

1346
01:00:27,480 --> 01:00:24,880
astronomers in 1054 I believe about a

1347
01:00:29,370 --> 01:00:27,490
thousand years ago and all that material

1348
01:00:31,710 --> 01:00:29,380
streaming across space you saw that

1349
01:00:34,350 --> 01:00:31,720
little nebulous starting to form in the

1350
01:00:37,050 --> 01:00:34,360
center of a supernova 87a this is what

1351
01:00:39,450 --> 01:00:37,060
it looks like a thousand years later for

1352
01:00:42,030 --> 01:00:39,460
the Crab Nebula if you want to take a

1353
01:00:44,660 --> 01:00:42,040
look at one that's 30,000 years old we

1354
01:00:48,090 --> 01:00:44,670
also got a picture of Cassiopeia A in

1355
01:00:50,640 --> 01:00:48,100
2006 an older supernova remnant that has

1356
01:00:53,250 --> 01:00:50,650
expanded across space for 30,000 years

1357
01:00:56,280 --> 01:00:53,260
leaving a beautiful bubble this bubble

1358
01:00:59,400 --> 01:00:56,290
like shell the star that exploded long

1359
01:01:02,760 --> 01:00:59,410
gone and seeing the shell of material

1360
01:01:05,130 --> 01:01:02,770
and this exemplifies the cosmic

1361
01:01:07,440 --> 01:01:05,140
recycling in our galaxy that the

1362
01:01:09,630 --> 01:01:07,450
elements form inside stars you fuse

1363
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:09,640
hydrogen to helium helium to carbon

1364
01:01:14,580 --> 01:01:12,910
nitrogen oxygen and so on up the ladder

1365
01:01:16,140 --> 01:01:14,590
and then with these giant supernova

1366
01:01:22,020 --> 01:01:16,150
explosions those elements are blown

1367
01:01:25,080 --> 01:01:22,030
across space and recycled into into the

1368
01:01:27,780 --> 01:01:25,090
interstellar medium and in some pockets

1369
01:01:30,360 --> 01:01:27,790
of those interstellar medium stars will

1370
01:01:33,410 --> 01:01:30,370
form and around some of those stars

1371
01:01:35,670 --> 01:01:33,420
planets will form and the heavy elements

1372
01:01:42,150 --> 01:01:35,680
which can only four

1373
01:01:47,310 --> 01:01:42,160
inside these stars form to create all

1374
01:01:50,060 --> 01:01:47,320
the carbon in your the oxygen in your in

1375
01:01:52,920 --> 01:01:50,070
your lungs the calcium in your teeth

1376
01:01:55,650 --> 01:01:52,930
because of the carbon in our bones all

1377
01:01:58,560 --> 01:01:55,660
of those elements were forged in the

1378
01:02:02,280 --> 01:01:58,570
interiors of stars and blown across

1379
01:02:04,920 --> 01:02:02,290
space by these supernova remnants so

1380
01:02:10,050 --> 01:02:04,930
there's a great cosmic connection to

1381
01:02:12,330 --> 01:02:10,060
images like this 2006 also produced one

1382
01:02:14,460 --> 01:02:12,340
of my favorite images simply because we

1383
01:02:16,620 --> 01:02:14,470
got to work with it on the IMAX film of

1384
01:02:19,640 --> 01:02:16,630
the Orion Nebula now I showed you the

1385
01:02:23,070 --> 01:02:19,650
1995 version of Orion that was a

1386
01:02:26,880 --> 01:02:23,080
relatively small region in here this one

1387
01:02:28,620 --> 01:02:26,890
is much larger actually it was so large

1388
01:02:31,500 --> 01:02:28,630
that we couldn't with the computers of

1389
01:02:35,550 --> 01:02:31,510
the time process the entire image you'll

1390
01:02:38,910 --> 01:02:35,560
find on our website is about a 320

1391
01:02:40,200 --> 01:02:38,920
million pixel image the full one had we

1392
01:02:41,940 --> 01:02:40,210
been able to process it at full

1393
01:02:44,160 --> 01:02:41,950
resolution and release it would have

1394
01:02:46,260 --> 01:02:44,170
been about a billion pixels which for

1395
01:02:48,990 --> 01:02:46,270
the computers at the time was not I'm

1396
01:02:51,570 --> 01:02:49,000
not feasible but again even more detail

1397
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:51,580
of the amazing star formation going on

1398
01:03:00,210 --> 01:02:54,310
inside this nearest of the large star

1399
01:03:03,390 --> 01:03:00,220
foreign regions to us good news 2006

1400
01:03:06,000 --> 01:03:03,400
also saw a we had a new NASA

1401
01:03:09,830 --> 01:03:06,010
Administrator Michael Griffin he came on

1402
01:03:11,900 --> 01:03:09,840
if a couple years before this and he

1403
01:03:14,340 --> 01:03:11,910
commissioned a study to look at

1404
01:03:16,770 --> 01:03:14,350
servicing mission a possibility of a

1405
01:03:19,470 --> 01:03:16,780
servicing mission for and in the middle

1406
01:03:23,520 --> 01:03:19,480
of the year he added a servicing mission

1407
01:03:25,980 --> 01:03:23,530
for back onto the manifest but in order

1408
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:25,990
to protect the astronauts it was decreed

1409
01:03:29,220 --> 01:03:27,610
that he could not do his Hubble

1410
01:03:33,180 --> 01:03:29,230
servicing mission unless there was a

1411
01:03:36,390 --> 01:03:33,190
second shuttle on the launch pad ready

1412
01:03:38,970 --> 01:03:36,400
to go in case a rescue mission was

1413
01:03:40,830 --> 01:03:38,980
needed so that was our solution if

1414
01:03:43,140 --> 01:03:40,840
you're gonna go to Hubble you need two

1415
01:03:45,480 --> 01:03:43,150
shuttles on the launch pad at the same

1416
01:03:47,910 --> 01:03:45,490
time of course that it happened before

1417
01:03:49,490 --> 01:03:47,920
it Hubble's launch so we're gonna do it

1418
01:03:52,289 --> 01:03:49,500
again

1419
01:03:54,349 --> 01:03:52,299
as we might say the mood around this

1420
01:03:57,990 --> 01:03:54,359
building really lightened after that

1421
01:04:00,569 --> 01:03:58,000
much jubilance after that however this

1422
01:04:03,589 --> 01:04:00,579
is when ACS now you can see it is ACS

1423
01:04:07,529 --> 01:04:03,599
because there it is um ACS failed

1424
01:04:09,029 --> 01:04:07,539
alright so again without the Space

1425
01:04:11,039 --> 01:04:09,039
Telescope imaging spectrograph or

1426
01:04:12,779 --> 01:04:11,049
without the advanced camera surveys two

1427
01:04:15,089 --> 01:04:12,789
of our really important instruments are

1428
01:04:16,829 --> 01:04:15,099
no longer working we really really want

1429
01:04:19,490 --> 01:04:16,839
that servicing mission to come as soon

1430
01:04:22,500 --> 01:04:19,500
as possible but it was scheduled for

1431
01:04:25,829 --> 01:04:22,510
2008 so we got lots of science to go

1432
01:04:30,240 --> 01:04:25,839
through 2007 this is an artist's

1433
01:04:34,109 --> 01:04:30,250
illustration of a of a planet around a

1434
01:04:36,690 --> 01:04:34,119
star and in a jupiter-sized planet in a

1435
01:04:40,710 --> 01:04:36,700
mercury sized orbit we call them hot

1436
01:04:43,109 --> 01:04:40,720
Jupiters but this one actually passes in

1437
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:43,119
front of it of the star from our point

1438
01:04:49,589 --> 01:04:47,710
of view which makes it really cool well

1439
01:04:52,529 --> 01:04:49,599
actually it's really hot but really cool

1440
01:04:55,440 --> 01:04:52,539
to study because you can see as that

1441
01:04:57,240 --> 01:04:55,450
planet passes in front of its star some

1442
01:05:00,180 --> 01:04:57,250
of the light of the star will go through

1443
01:05:03,269 --> 01:05:00,190
the atmosphere of this star and this

1444
01:05:06,059 --> 01:05:03,279
star is so cool this planet is so close

1445
01:05:08,910 --> 01:05:06,069
to its star that it's atmospheres

1446
01:05:11,009 --> 01:05:08,920
actually heated up and extended so if

1447
01:05:13,559 --> 01:05:11,019
you take a picture or a spectrograph

1448
01:05:15,839 --> 01:05:13,569
when the planet is in front of the star

1449
01:05:18,230 --> 01:05:15,849
and take another when the planet is not

1450
01:05:22,859 --> 01:05:18,240
in front of the star subtract the two

1451
01:05:25,920 --> 01:05:22,869
what do you get you get to measure the

1452
01:05:28,589 --> 01:05:25,930
atmosphere of a planet around another

1453
01:05:31,039 --> 01:05:28,599
star now you can't actually see this

1454
01:05:33,480 --> 01:05:31,049
planet but you can measure its

1455
01:05:35,130 --> 01:05:33,490
atmosphere and this atmosphere is

1456
01:05:37,799 --> 01:05:35,140
extended and we're able to measure

1457
01:05:39,990 --> 01:05:37,809
hydrogen and silicon and nitrogen a

1458
01:05:43,620 --> 01:05:40,000
couple other elements in the atmosphere

1459
01:05:47,579 --> 01:05:43,630
of another planet and I have to say this

1460
01:05:50,339 --> 01:05:47,589
is one of the Hubble discoveries that we

1461
01:05:52,829 --> 01:05:50,349
hadn't even dreamed of when Hubble was

1462
01:05:56,009 --> 01:05:52,839
launched one of the great things about

1463
01:05:58,440 --> 01:05:56,019
science is that if you design a general

1464
01:06:00,920 --> 01:05:58,450
purpose instrument you could actually do

1465
01:06:02,550 --> 01:06:00,930
science you didn't even think possible

1466
01:06:07,230 --> 01:06:02,560
when

1467
01:06:12,330 --> 01:06:07,240
and this is one of the one of the major

1468
01:06:15,710 --> 01:06:12,340
ones also in 2007 we got well this was

1469
01:06:19,290 --> 01:06:15,720
our this was until last Monday the

1470
01:06:22,560 --> 01:06:19,300
largest mosaic Hubble has ever done this

1471
01:06:24,810 --> 01:06:22,570
is of the Carina Nebula another star

1472
01:06:26,670 --> 01:06:24,820
forming region that ATAC our image that

1473
01:06:29,460 --> 01:06:26,680
I showed you is this small thing right

1474
01:06:31,590 --> 01:06:29,470
here down inside there you can see it's

1475
01:06:33,360 --> 01:06:31,600
just part of a much larger star forming

1476
01:06:36,150 --> 01:06:33,370
region you can see there's an amazing

1477
01:06:37,800 --> 01:06:36,160
bubble a cavity drawn by these bright

1478
01:06:40,500 --> 01:06:37,810
stars and they're hot winds and

1479
01:06:42,540 --> 01:06:40,510
everything and we've got this the

1480
01:06:44,880 --> 01:06:42,550
pillars here and pillars down here and

1481
01:06:49,830 --> 01:06:44,890
all sorts of cool stuff going on in here

1482
01:06:52,620 --> 01:06:49,840
this 350 300 400 million pixel image

1483
01:06:57,140 --> 01:06:52,630
shows off the incredible detail Hubble

1484
01:07:00,000 --> 01:06:57,150
can see in these star forming regions

1485
01:07:02,280 --> 01:07:00,010
2008 well let's get to Jupiter because

1486
01:07:03,660 --> 01:07:02,290
we talked about Jupiter's storms we

1487
01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:03,670
talked about Saturn's storms and how

1488
01:07:07,950 --> 01:07:05,410
Jupiter is used to having storm well we

1489
01:07:09,120 --> 01:07:07,960
are used to one major storm always being

1490
01:07:12,060 --> 01:07:09,130
there on Jupiter

1491
01:07:13,740 --> 01:07:12,070
and that is the great red spot we have

1492
01:07:15,900 --> 01:07:13,750
seen it ever since we started looking at

1493
01:07:19,650 --> 01:07:15,910
we have continuous observations back to

1494
01:07:22,950 --> 01:07:19,660
the 1800s we may even have seen it back

1495
01:07:26,040 --> 01:07:22,960
in 1670 when Giovanni Cassini he's got a

1496
01:07:27,930 --> 01:07:26,050
wonderful drawing in a 1670 scientific

1497
01:07:30,780 --> 01:07:27,940
journal and I swear it looks like the

1498
01:07:32,090 --> 01:07:30,790
Great Red Spot so it's always been there

1499
01:07:35,750 --> 01:07:32,100
all right

1500
01:07:38,640 --> 01:07:35,760
in 2003 several of these white ovals

1501
01:07:42,270 --> 01:07:38,650
merged to form what we called Red Spot

1502
01:07:45,360 --> 01:07:42,280
jr. the first time we'd ever seen the

1503
01:07:49,890 --> 01:07:45,370
formation of a Red Spot and in early

1504
01:07:52,440 --> 01:07:49,900
2008 another red spot appeared this was

1505
01:07:56,100 --> 01:07:52,450
the Great Red Spot red jr. so we call

1506
01:07:58,290 --> 01:07:56,110
that baby red spot now red jr. is on a

1507
01:08:00,450 --> 01:07:58,300
different latitude and has passed by the

1508
01:08:02,390 --> 01:08:00,460
great red spots several times and

1509
01:08:05,760 --> 01:08:02,400
appears to be a long live storm

1510
01:08:08,700 --> 01:08:05,770
however red the baby red spot is on the

1511
01:08:11,520 --> 01:08:08,710
same latitude as Jupiter and so we

1512
01:08:13,950 --> 01:08:11,530
watched over the summer of 2008 as it

1513
01:08:15,010 --> 01:08:13,960
got caught in the vortices and was

1514
01:08:16,420 --> 01:08:15,020
dissipated

1515
01:08:20,260 --> 01:08:16,430
for the first time we saw the

1516
01:08:21,970 --> 01:08:20,270
destruction of a red spot and we also

1517
01:08:24,670 --> 01:08:21,980
learned how vicious the great red spot

1518
01:08:31,539 --> 01:08:24,680
is it's such a vicious storm it'll even

1519
01:08:35,470 --> 01:08:31,549
eat its own young 2008 also saw this

1520
01:08:37,180 --> 01:08:35,480
wonderful image this is a forum a lot or

1521
01:08:39,190 --> 01:08:37,190
actually it's everything but the star

1522
01:08:40,990 --> 01:08:39,200
forum a lot again the light of fo Milan

1523
01:08:42,519 --> 01:08:41,000
has been blocked and it's got a dust

1524
01:08:43,829 --> 01:08:42,529
ring around it looks similar to some of

1525
01:08:46,570 --> 01:08:43,839
the show images I've shown you before

1526
01:08:49,570 --> 01:08:46,580
but the special thing about this dust

1527
01:08:52,720 --> 01:08:49,580
ring is that it's off-center FOMA hot is

1528
01:08:54,579 --> 01:08:52,730
not at the center which indicates that

1529
01:08:57,640 --> 01:08:54,589
there's some gravitational influence

1530
01:08:59,950 --> 01:08:57,650
pulling it off center so it was searched

1531
01:09:05,349 --> 01:08:59,960
to see if we could find a planet in it

1532
01:09:09,640 --> 01:09:05,359
and in 2008 we saw the first image ever

1533
01:09:14,110 --> 01:09:09,650
of a planet around another star right

1534
01:09:15,849 --> 01:09:14,120
there a beautiful red dot but it's an

1535
01:09:18,910 --> 01:09:15,859
amazing red dot when you think of it

1536
01:09:21,280 --> 01:09:18,920
because this is not a planet I'm telling

1537
01:09:23,860 --> 01:09:21,290
you is there because if it's gravity or

1538
01:09:27,010 --> 01:09:23,870
because I detect it blocking some light

1539
01:09:30,970 --> 01:09:27,020
it's not an indirect detection this is

1540
01:09:32,769 --> 01:09:30,980
the first direct detection on a planet

1541
01:09:34,780 --> 01:09:32,779
around another star now this is the one

1542
01:09:37,960 --> 01:09:34,790
in visible light using visible light in

1543
01:09:40,360 --> 01:09:37,970
the exact same issue of the exact same

1544
01:09:43,559 --> 01:09:40,370
scientific journal another group

1545
01:09:48,160 --> 01:09:43,569
released images in infrared light so

1546
01:09:50,769 --> 01:09:48,170
starting in 2008 we finally have direct

1547
01:09:54,820 --> 01:09:50,779
detection seeing planets around other

1548
01:09:57,070 --> 01:09:54,830
stars and you think about how we've come

1549
01:09:59,110 --> 01:09:57,080
far we come over the first 18 years of

1550
01:10:00,340 --> 01:09:59,120
Hubble going from not even knowing there

1551
01:10:03,460 --> 01:10:00,350
were planets around other stars

1552
01:10:05,590 --> 01:10:03,470
to finally seeing them you can see what

1553
01:10:10,630 --> 01:10:05,600
a spectrum of science this mission has

1554
01:10:12,880 --> 01:10:10,640
covered 2008 was that finally we get

1555
01:10:15,310 --> 01:10:12,890
around to servicing mission 4 and a

1556
01:10:17,260 --> 01:10:15,320
quote from a higher high ranking person

1557
01:10:20,200 --> 01:10:17,270
at NASA says this final mission will be

1558
01:10:22,900 --> 01:10:20,210
without doubt the most complicated and

1559
01:10:27,070 --> 01:10:22,910
challenging that nASA has ever mounted

1560
01:10:28,900 --> 01:10:27,080
so here we are in September of 2008 we

1561
01:10:31,390 --> 01:10:28,910
have the Space Shuttle on the line

1562
01:10:32,740 --> 01:10:31,400
we have the second space shuttle on the

1563
01:10:34,990 --> 01:10:32,750
launch pad there's a beautiful rainbow

1564
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:35,000
up here that I had to crop off to get

1565
01:10:43,180 --> 01:10:38,210
the image in amazing shot all right

1566
01:10:44,560 --> 01:10:43,190
we're ready to go and then a science

1567
01:10:48,340 --> 01:10:44,570
instrument control and data handling

1568
01:10:50,200 --> 01:10:48,350
unit failed now this was just the a side

1569
01:10:52,570 --> 01:10:50,210
of the electronics of the si si and EH

1570
01:10:55,120 --> 01:10:52,580
and there was a B side so we immediately

1571
01:10:57,400 --> 01:10:55,130
switched to the B side but science

1572
01:10:59,740 --> 01:10:57,410
instrument control this is the hardware

1573
01:11:02,500 --> 01:10:59,750
that controls every science instrument

1574
01:11:03,970 --> 01:11:02,510
on Hubble data handling unit every bit

1575
01:11:07,210 --> 01:11:03,980
of data goes through this piece of

1576
01:11:09,580 --> 01:11:07,220
hardware so when it failed three weeks

1577
01:11:12,520 --> 01:11:09,590
before launch and even though it was a

1578
01:11:14,260 --> 01:11:12,530
repairable fail we didn't want to have

1579
01:11:17,710 --> 01:11:14,270
any single points of failure

1580
01:11:20,560 --> 01:11:17,720
so NASA delayed the mission while a

1581
01:11:23,650 --> 01:11:20,570
ground spare that Goddard Space Flight

1582
01:11:25,570 --> 01:11:23,660
Center was made ready for space so that

1583
01:11:28,870 --> 01:11:25,580
mission that we've been waiting for was

1584
01:11:31,630 --> 01:11:28,880
delayed yet another six months until May

1585
01:11:35,170 --> 01:11:31,640
of 2009 when we finally got the launch

1586
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:35,180
of servicing mission 4 now servicing

1587
01:11:39,790 --> 01:11:37,610
mission 4 tackled an enormous number of

1588
01:11:41,980 --> 01:11:39,800
tasks because it was the final mission

1589
01:11:44,020 --> 01:11:41,990
to Hubble and we knew it we were not

1590
01:11:46,840 --> 01:11:44,030
going to get another mission to Hubble

1591
01:11:50,410 --> 01:11:46,850
so we changed out the batteries we put

1592
01:11:52,660 --> 01:11:50,420
in new gyros we put a pulled out wide

1593
01:11:56,170 --> 01:11:52,670
field planetary camera 2 we put in Wide

1594
01:11:59,290 --> 01:11:56,180
Field Camera 3 we repaired ACS we

1595
01:12:02,200 --> 01:11:59,300
repaired this we put in new insulation

1596
01:12:04,960 --> 01:12:02,210
we did everything possible to leave

1597
01:12:08,260 --> 01:12:04,970
Hubble and as good a shape as paw as we

1598
01:12:09,430 --> 01:12:08,270
could and unbelievably the astronauts

1599
01:12:11,890 --> 01:12:09,440
accomplished it all

1600
01:12:13,240 --> 01:12:11,900
they went well past their space time the

1601
01:12:15,700 --> 01:12:13,250
time they're supposed to do for

1602
01:12:18,910 --> 01:12:15,710
spacewalks they accomplished everything

1603
01:12:21,520 --> 01:12:18,920
on the list all right and this is a

1604
01:12:24,310 --> 01:12:21,530
bittersweet shot because this is Hubble

1605
01:12:27,640 --> 01:12:24,320
repaired but this is also the last time

1606
01:12:29,710 --> 01:12:27,650
human eyes got to see Hubble because as

1607
01:12:31,630 --> 01:12:29,720
the astronauts were leaving this is one

1608
01:12:35,470 --> 01:12:31,640
of the last shots they got saying

1609
01:12:38,050 --> 01:12:35,480
goodbye to Hubble of course the science

1610
01:12:40,240 --> 01:12:38,060
comes out amazing the early-release

1611
01:12:41,120 --> 01:12:40,250
observations included the butterfly

1612
01:12:44,840 --> 01:12:41,130
nebula

1613
01:12:46,879 --> 01:12:44,850
our press release said it looked like a

1614
01:12:48,709 --> 01:12:46,889
butterfly and the press ran with it

1615
01:12:53,930 --> 01:12:48,719
so now most people call it the butterfly

1616
01:12:56,780 --> 01:12:53,940
nebula this is a dying star a planetary

1617
01:12:57,950 --> 01:12:56,790
nebula as they call it not because it

1618
01:12:59,360 --> 01:12:57,960
has anything to do with planets but

1619
01:13:02,149 --> 01:12:59,370
that's just what they were called

1620
01:13:05,060 --> 01:13:02,159
and the material streaming away from the

1621
01:13:07,610 --> 01:13:05,070
star is constrained by a disc around

1622
01:13:10,070 --> 01:13:07,620
here so it goes off in these hourglass

1623
01:13:12,830 --> 01:13:10,080
shapes here creating an amazing and

1624
01:13:14,570 --> 01:13:12,840
beautiful wheel nebula we also released

1625
01:13:17,090 --> 01:13:14,580
this image of the core of the globular

1626
01:13:19,430 --> 01:13:17,100
cluster omega centauri i talked to you

1627
01:13:22,790 --> 01:13:19,440
about the detail Hubble can see inside

1628
01:13:25,129 --> 01:13:22,800
globular clusters this was not intended

1629
01:13:27,709 --> 01:13:25,139
to be a press release image it's a test

1630
01:13:31,189 --> 01:13:27,719
image because the blue is ultraviolet

1631
01:13:33,500 --> 01:13:31,199
the red is infrared it was a test image

1632
01:13:36,050 --> 01:13:33,510
to show off the broad wavelength

1633
01:13:37,970 --> 01:13:36,060
coverage of Wide Field Camera 3 the

1634
01:13:40,640 --> 01:13:37,980
largest wavelength coverage of any

1635
01:13:43,040 --> 01:13:40,650
instrument ever on Hubble to show up but

1636
01:13:44,990 --> 01:13:43,050
it was such an amazing image that it

1637
01:13:47,780 --> 01:13:45,000
ended up making it wait its way into the

1638
01:13:51,439 --> 01:13:47,790
press package both of those images were

1639
01:13:55,790 --> 01:13:51,449
featured in the IMAX film Hubble 3d and

1640
01:13:58,580 --> 01:13:55,800
my personal note on this was that when

1641
01:14:02,510 --> 01:13:58,590
the servicing mission was delayed from

1642
01:14:05,660 --> 01:14:02,520
October to May the film's release date

1643
01:14:08,120 --> 01:14:05,670
was not and those of us working on the

1644
01:14:09,950 --> 01:14:08,130
computer graphics for this film had to

1645
01:14:11,840 --> 01:14:09,960
wait until after the servicing mission

1646
01:14:13,879 --> 01:14:11,850
because the IMAX director couldn't pay

1647
01:14:15,950 --> 01:14:13,889
any attention to doing the beautiful

1648
01:14:17,180 --> 01:14:15,960
shots we were doing until after the

1649
01:14:18,979 --> 01:14:17,190
service mission was done and she'd

1650
01:14:21,620 --> 01:14:18,989
gotten the footage from the servicing

1651
01:14:23,330 --> 01:14:21,630
mission to put in the film so that delay

1652
01:14:25,729 --> 01:14:23,340
the servicing mission actually meant we

1653
01:14:28,129 --> 01:14:25,739
had six-month less time to work on the

1654
01:14:29,660 --> 01:14:28,139
computer graphics for the film but we

1655
01:14:30,590 --> 01:14:29,670
still accomplished it was really

1656
01:14:32,660 --> 01:14:30,600
wonderful

1657
01:14:35,120 --> 01:14:32,670
but that delay hit me in a way that I

1658
01:14:37,760 --> 01:14:35,130
had never even expected when it would

1659
01:14:41,000 --> 01:14:37,770
happen but that film has grossed over

1660
01:14:43,850 --> 01:14:41,010
fifty million dollars worldwide which is

1661
01:14:47,390 --> 01:14:43,860
tremendous for a documentary it's on

1662
01:14:51,740 --> 01:14:47,400
track to become one of the top 5 IMAX

1663
01:14:54,080 --> 01:14:51,750
documentary fans of all time 2010 for

1664
01:14:54,979 --> 01:14:54,090
Hubble's 20th anniversary released this

1665
01:14:58,129 --> 01:14:54,989
image which we

1666
01:15:00,379 --> 01:14:58,139
named mystic mountain and it is again

1667
01:15:02,390 --> 01:15:00,389
pillars like the pillars in the Eagle

1668
01:15:04,580 --> 01:15:02,400
Nebula but here you can see we've got

1669
01:15:07,100 --> 01:15:04,590
these jets of materials streaming off up

1670
01:15:08,810 --> 01:15:07,110
here this are what I call the birth

1671
01:15:11,149 --> 01:15:08,820
announcements of a newborn star when

1672
01:15:13,879 --> 01:15:11,159
stars are born they often have these

1673
01:15:15,529 --> 01:15:13,889
twin pillars of jets streaming out and

1674
01:15:19,069 --> 01:15:15,539
you can see up not only here but also

1675
01:15:22,450 --> 01:15:19,079
here again gorgeous ionization fronts

1676
01:15:27,229 --> 01:15:22,460
but this time with jets to show them off

1677
01:15:29,540 --> 01:15:27,239
2011 the galaxies ARP 273 something that

1678
01:15:31,459 --> 01:15:29,550
was nicknamed the rose because these two

1679
01:15:33,859 --> 01:15:31,469
galaxies have been interacting but only

1680
01:15:35,359 --> 01:15:33,869
gently and you can see that this galaxy

1681
01:15:36,799 --> 01:15:35,369
has become stretched out and got a

1682
01:15:39,560 --> 01:15:36,809
little bit of tidal tails up and down

1683
01:15:41,569 --> 01:15:39,570
whereas the spiral arms of this galaxy

1684
01:15:42,979 --> 01:15:41,579
have been stretched out and if you sort

1685
01:15:47,479 --> 01:15:42,989
of squinted it you can see this is the

1686
01:15:49,879 --> 01:15:47,489
stem with the rose up at the top 2011

1687
01:15:52,129 --> 01:15:49,889
also saw the awarding of the Nobel Prize

1688
01:15:54,379 --> 01:15:52,139
in Physics to Adam riess here at the

1689
01:15:56,689 --> 01:15:54,389
Space Telescope Science Institute and to

1690
01:15:59,000 --> 01:15:56,699
be fair it was awarded for the work he

1691
01:16:01,250 --> 01:15:59,010
did on the accelerating universe before

1692
01:16:04,330 --> 01:16:01,260
he was here but as I mentioned before

1693
01:16:07,040 --> 01:16:04,340
because hull played a pivotal role in

1694
01:16:09,169 --> 01:16:07,050
verifying and giving the scientific

1695
01:16:11,180 --> 01:16:09,179
community trust that the accelerating

1696
01:16:13,189 --> 01:16:11,190
universe was correct we like to

1697
01:16:14,899 --> 01:16:13,199
celebrate it - he's also here if you

1698
01:16:17,839 --> 01:16:14,909
want to see a replica of the Nobel Prize

1699
01:16:21,830 --> 01:16:17,849
it's a medal it's out in the lobby and

1700
01:16:23,689 --> 01:16:21,840
you can see it as you go out 2012

1701
01:16:25,759 --> 01:16:23,699
remember that Pluto Charon picture I

1702
01:16:28,310 --> 01:16:25,769
showed you the very beginning from 1990

1703
01:16:29,989 --> 01:16:28,320
well we would be on looking around Pluto

1704
01:16:32,839 --> 01:16:29,999
for the new Horizons mission which will

1705
01:16:36,529 --> 01:16:32,849
get to Pluto in July of this year we

1706
01:16:40,450 --> 01:16:36,539
found not one not two not three but four

1707
01:16:44,149 --> 01:16:40,460
other moons around Pluto and Charon

1708
01:16:46,250 --> 01:16:44,159
basically taking from 2 to 6 the number

1709
01:16:49,729 --> 01:16:46,260
of targets the new Horizons mission has

1710
01:16:51,770 --> 01:16:49,739
to look at so the detail and Hubble with

1711
01:16:53,899 --> 01:16:51,780
its new instruments able to see really

1712
01:16:56,899 --> 01:16:53,909
fine and faint things out at the edge of

1713
01:16:58,759 --> 01:16:56,909
our solar system we can also see really

1714
01:17:00,770 --> 01:16:58,769
fine and faint things out of the edge of

1715
01:17:02,390 --> 01:17:00,780
the universe but for that we're gonna

1716
01:17:04,219 --> 01:17:02,400
use a little bit of help because I talk

1717
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:04,229
to you about gravitational lensing and

1718
01:17:07,910 --> 01:17:07,110
how there is a lens in space but we can

1719
01:17:10,729 --> 01:17:07,920
use that

1720
01:17:13,040 --> 01:17:10,739
to magnify really distant galaxies and

1721
01:17:17,150 --> 01:17:13,050
see galaxies that Hubble could never

1722
01:17:20,150 --> 01:17:17,160
otherwise see these images jd1 jt2 283

1723
01:17:22,490 --> 01:17:20,160
are all of the same galaxy that has

1724
01:17:25,520 --> 01:17:22,500
whose light has been not just distorted

1725
01:17:27,590 --> 01:17:25,530
but also magnified so Hubble can see it

1726
01:17:31,340 --> 01:17:27,600
this is the one of the most distant

1727
01:17:36,160 --> 01:17:31,350
galaxy candidates ever discovered at or

1728
01:17:38,270 --> 01:17:36,170
at almost 13 billion light-years away I

1729
01:17:43,220 --> 01:17:38,280
never remember the numbers on those it's

1730
01:17:44,780 --> 01:17:43,230
between 12 and 13 okay ah 2013 we start

1731
01:17:47,390 --> 01:17:44,790
revisiting some images we had taken

1732
01:17:49,850 --> 01:17:47,400
before this is the famed Horsehead

1733
01:17:53,630 --> 01:17:49,860
Nebula which in using visible light has

1734
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:53,640
a great dark column and there's not much

1735
01:17:58,550 --> 01:17:55,710
to see if there's not much detail in it

1736
01:18:00,950 --> 01:17:58,560
but with the new infrared capability of

1737
01:18:05,689 --> 01:18:00,960
Wide Field Camera 3 we take this same

1738
01:18:08,209 --> 01:18:05,699
image on a larger field and you get a

1739
01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:08,219
glowing gaseous landscape in the

1740
01:18:13,250 --> 01:18:11,610
infrared all sorts of detail shows up in

1741
01:18:15,380 --> 01:18:13,260
when you look in the infrared and see

1742
01:18:17,479 --> 01:18:15,390
the cooler gas and the structures that

1743
01:18:20,479 --> 01:18:17,489
you can see in in the Horsehead Nebula

1744
01:18:21,350 --> 01:18:20,489
we also revisited that Hubble ultra-deep

1745
01:18:23,180 --> 01:18:21,360
field

1746
01:18:26,780 --> 01:18:23,190
we'd been revisiting it in the infrared

1747
01:18:28,610 --> 01:18:26,790
in 2009 and so we were able to get

1748
01:18:31,939 --> 01:18:28,620
further and deeper in the infrared and

1749
01:18:33,830 --> 01:18:31,949
in 2014 we said let's extend that to the

1750
01:18:36,260 --> 01:18:33,840
ultraviolet let's take advantage that we

1751
01:18:37,990 --> 01:18:36,270
have ultraviolet visible and infrared

1752
01:18:41,560 --> 01:18:38,000
and together we Pruce the

1753
01:18:44,709 --> 01:18:41,570
multi-wavelength Ultra Deep Field in

1754
01:18:48,740 --> 01:18:44,719
2014 the deepest image of the universe

1755
01:18:51,680 --> 01:18:48,750
covering a broad spectrum of colors so

1756
01:18:55,010 --> 01:18:51,690
based on all that what are we gonna do

1757
01:18:57,020 --> 01:18:55,020
for the 25th anniversary well for the

1758
01:19:00,470 --> 01:18:57,030
25th anniversary we decided we would

1759
01:19:04,070 --> 01:19:00,480
revisit a classic we would go back to

1760
01:19:06,110 --> 01:19:04,080
that pillars of creation from 1995 and

1761
01:19:07,669 --> 01:19:06,120
you can see how it has that stair-step

1762
01:19:10,820 --> 01:19:07,679
shape due to a wide field planetary

1763
01:19:13,959 --> 01:19:10,830
camera - we would go in with wide field

1764
01:19:17,510 --> 01:19:13,969
camera 3 look at it and I present to you

1765
01:19:22,430 --> 01:19:17,520
the 25th anniversary image the new wisi

1766
01:19:28,740 --> 01:19:25,530
you can see it covers a much larger

1767
01:19:31,140 --> 01:19:28,750
field of view at greater detail twice

1768
01:19:33,540 --> 01:19:31,150
the resolution there's approximately 60

1769
01:19:35,250 --> 01:19:33,550
million pixels of visual goodness for

1770
01:19:37,620 --> 01:19:35,260
you to explore you can see that those

1771
01:19:38,970 --> 01:19:37,630
pillars fade out here but yet new

1772
01:19:40,650 --> 01:19:38,980
pillars are underneath I sort of think

1773
01:19:43,290 --> 01:19:40,660
of this as a it looks like at the tree

1774
01:19:46,320 --> 01:19:43,300
stump underneath it you can also see how

1775
01:19:49,110 --> 01:19:46,330
the gasps fades away as that streaming

1776
01:19:51,030 --> 01:19:49,120
of it pulls the gas off I had a friend

1777
01:19:52,620 --> 01:19:51,040
at the SS who said oh I know what that

1778
01:19:54,990 --> 01:19:52,630
looks like that looks like the Dementors

1779
01:19:59,130 --> 01:19:55,000
from Harry Potter alright so this should

1780
01:20:01,230 --> 01:19:59,140
be the DeMint or pillar oh but let's

1781
01:20:04,110 --> 01:20:01,240
take it one step further because we have

1782
01:20:06,960 --> 01:20:04,120
with c3 it has broad wavelength coverage

1783
01:20:12,900 --> 01:20:06,970
we can look in the infrared and in the

1784
01:20:15,060 --> 01:20:12,910
infrared we see that I talked to you

1785
01:20:16,740 --> 01:20:15,070
about how these pillars have these dense

1786
01:20:18,630 --> 01:20:16,750
regions at the top but aren't

1787
01:20:21,480 --> 01:20:18,640
necessarily dense all the way down here

1788
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:21,490
you can truly see that there are not

1789
01:20:25,320 --> 01:20:23,410
dense all the way down if I go back to

1790
01:20:28,080 --> 01:20:25,330
the visible light you can see that the

1791
01:20:30,480 --> 01:20:28,090
gas of the nebula obscures all the

1792
01:20:32,670 --> 01:20:30,490
background if we go to the infrared all

1793
01:20:34,380 --> 01:20:32,680
of those background stars start to

1794
01:20:36,750 --> 01:20:34,390
appear you can even see some background

1795
01:20:39,240 --> 01:20:36,760
galaxies in through here take a look at

1796
01:20:41,640 --> 01:20:39,250
these four bright stars they're very

1797
01:20:46,110 --> 01:20:41,650
bright in the infrared but where are

1798
01:20:48,510 --> 01:20:46,120
they in visible light okay looking in

1799
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:48,520
different wavelengths gives you a whole

1800
01:20:52,830 --> 01:20:51,310
new perspective this is why having

1801
01:20:59,250 --> 01:20:52,840
multi-wavelength coverage is so

1802
01:21:01,290 --> 01:20:59,260
important whoops That's not me there we

1803
01:21:03,780 --> 01:21:01,300
go we're back huh look at

1804
01:21:06,510 --> 01:21:03,790
multi-wavelength is so important to give

1805
01:21:07,980 --> 01:21:06,520
you as many views and many ideas on the

1806
01:21:11,250 --> 01:21:07,990
physics that's going for it

1807
01:21:13,980 --> 01:21:11,260
so over its 25 years Hubble has produced

1808
01:21:16,710 --> 01:21:13,990
an amazing panoply of images it has

1809
01:21:19,500 --> 01:21:16,720
looked at planets and stars and nebulae

1810
01:21:21,750 --> 01:21:19,510
and galaxies and all the way across the

1811
01:21:24,870 --> 01:21:21,760
universe but this is a scientific

1812
01:21:27,960 --> 01:21:24,880
telescope and the true measure of Hubble

1813
01:21:32,730 --> 01:21:27,970
of course has to be the science so

1814
01:21:34,190 --> 01:21:32,740
here's a plot we made a back in 2011 to

1815
01:21:37,820 --> 01:21:34,200
celebrate

1816
01:21:40,190 --> 01:21:37,830
the scientific publication the bubbles

1817
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:40,200
scientific publication record so we have

1818
01:21:43,820 --> 01:21:42,210
the number of refereed science papers

1819
01:21:45,650 --> 01:21:43,830
notice that these are refereed these

1820
01:21:47,540 --> 01:21:45,660
aren't just papers written they have

1821
01:21:50,270 --> 01:21:47,550
been refereed by other scientists and

1822
01:21:54,530 --> 01:21:50,280
over the course of its history these are

1823
01:21:56,690 --> 01:21:54,540
per year okay we're getting up six seven

1824
01:22:00,260 --> 01:21:56,700
hundred papers this plot was produced to

1825
01:22:04,340 --> 01:22:00,270
celebrate the 10,000 refereed scientific

1826
01:22:07,610 --> 01:22:04,350
paper by today we are over 12,000

1827
01:22:10,250 --> 01:22:07,620
refereed scientific papers this is where

1828
01:22:12,080 --> 01:22:10,260
you as taxpayers are getting the bang

1829
01:22:15,220 --> 01:22:12,090
for your buck yes you enjoy the pretty

1830
01:22:18,920 --> 01:22:15,230
pictures but the fact that we have

1831
01:22:22,160 --> 01:22:18,930
changed science across all scales of

1832
01:22:27,080 --> 01:22:22,170
astronomy with this many refereed papers

1833
01:22:28,850 --> 01:22:27,090
is the true value of Hubble so I'm going

1834
01:22:34,820 --> 01:22:28,860
to finish with one of my favorite images

1835
01:22:37,550 --> 01:22:34,830
of Hubble it to me is hopeful it is

1836
01:22:40,100 --> 01:22:37,560
looking up staring out at the universe

1837
01:22:43,570 --> 01:22:40,110
and it has that hopeful feeling to it

1838
01:22:46,810 --> 01:22:43,580
and you may think that after 25 years

1839
01:22:51,410 --> 01:22:46,820
Hubble is old Hubble has been around

1840
01:22:54,560 --> 01:22:51,420
okay it's it's on its downside but I

1841
01:22:56,630 --> 01:22:54,570
gotta tell you that while the

1842
01:22:59,720 --> 01:22:56,640
instruments may be older the telescope

1843
01:23:01,820 --> 01:22:59,730
may be older the scientists and the

1844
01:23:05,710 --> 01:23:01,830
computer programmers and the ability to

1845
01:23:08,720 --> 01:23:05,720
use the telescope has only gotten better

1846
01:23:11,240 --> 01:23:08,730
our understanding of how to use the

1847
01:23:13,190 --> 01:23:11,250
telescope to preserve the batteries how

1848
01:23:15,980 --> 01:23:13,200
to use the telescope to dude use the

1849
01:23:19,160 --> 01:23:15,990
gyros we can go down if we lose for

1850
01:23:21,680 --> 01:23:19,170
gyros we can operate and do 95% of the

1851
01:23:24,260 --> 01:23:21,690
science in to gyro mode we've even

1852
01:23:28,130 --> 01:23:24,270
figured out how to do 60% of the science

1853
01:23:31,220 --> 01:23:28,140
in one gyro mode okay our scheduling has

1854
01:23:34,040 --> 01:23:31,230
gone from approximately two months down

1855
01:23:36,320 --> 01:23:34,050
to less than two weeks for utilizing

1856
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:36,330
this telescopes we keep gaining

1857
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:40,410
efficiencies and last year five years

1858
01:23:44,600 --> 01:23:42,510
after servicing mission 4 when the

1859
01:23:47,630 --> 01:23:44,610
warranty on servicing mission 4 had run

1860
01:23:47,970 --> 01:23:47,640
out a top official in this building said

1861
01:23:51,390 --> 01:23:47,980
you know

1862
01:23:55,080 --> 01:23:51,400
what Hubble is actually at its greatest

1863
01:23:57,450 --> 01:23:55,090
power now than it has ever been because

1864
01:24:00,390 --> 01:23:57,460
of the efficiencies we are learning and

1865
01:24:02,250 --> 01:24:00,400
key in utilizing this telescope so I

1866
01:24:05,250 --> 01:24:02,260
have always said I want to see Hubble

1867
01:24:07,229 --> 01:24:05,260
live to 2020 I want to have it still up

1868
01:24:09,390 --> 01:24:07,239
and flying and actively observing when

1869
01:24:11,430 --> 01:24:09,400
the James Webb Space Telescope is up

1870
01:24:14,420 --> 01:24:11,440
that would be fantastic then we could

1871
01:24:16,770 --> 01:24:14,430
have two nasa's flagship missions

1872
01:24:19,890 --> 01:24:16,780
observing one an over the physical light

1873
01:24:22,440 --> 01:24:19,900
one in the infrared to really get pinned

1874
01:24:24,750 --> 01:24:22,450
down ideas because webb will have hubble

1875
01:24:28,950 --> 01:24:24,760
resolution in across the infrared

1876
01:24:30,570 --> 01:24:28,960
spectrum but you know what i'm possibly

1877
01:24:32,880 --> 01:24:30,580
starting to think that maybe we could go

1878
01:24:34,979 --> 01:24:32,890
a bit further right I started giving

1879
01:24:37,020 --> 01:24:34,989
these retrospective talks at Hubble 15

1880
01:24:39,210 --> 01:24:37,030
back when the servicing mission 4 was

1881
01:24:41,910 --> 01:24:39,220
cancelled and I gave one at Hubble 20

1882
01:24:44,280 --> 01:24:41,920
and I'm giving it a Hubble 25 I hope to

1883
01:24:48,180 --> 01:24:44,290
see you all here for Hubble 30 and dare

1884
01:24:51,450 --> 01:24:48,190
I even think about Hubble 35 I don't

1885
01:24:53,460 --> 01:24:51,460
know I just have to say that I in my

1886
01:24:55,830 --> 01:24:53,470
years here have been amazing

1887
01:24:58,050 --> 01:24:55,840
early impressed with the dedication and

1888
01:25:02,990 --> 01:24:58,060
the professionalism of the staff here

1889
01:25:06,420 --> 01:25:03,000
they do an amazing job Hubble has

1890
01:25:07,740 --> 01:25:06,430
transcended astronomy I can say Hubble

1891
01:25:10,260 --> 01:25:07,750
and the public knows what we're talking

1892
01:25:11,700 --> 01:25:10,270
about you can't talk about a particle

1893
01:25:14,310 --> 01:25:11,710
accelerator or a scanning electron

1894
01:25:16,380 --> 01:25:14,320
microscope in the same way all right

1895
01:25:18,900 --> 01:25:16,390
it is part of the public public

1896
01:25:21,390 --> 01:25:18,910
vernacular so it has changed astronomy

1897
01:25:23,760 --> 01:25:21,400
it has changed our view and changed our

1898
01:25:25,229 --> 01:25:23,770
understanding and I hope you will join

1899
01:25:27,930 --> 01:25:25,239
with us this year in celebrating its

1900
01:25:31,350 --> 01:25:27,940
25th anniversary as I like to call it a

1901
01:25:53,850 --> 01:25:31,360
celestial silver celebration thank you

1902
01:25:59,320 --> 01:25:57,340
okay part of my own rules I have four

1903
01:26:01,510 --> 01:25:59,330
minutes for questions it was like to ask

1904
01:26:04,240 --> 01:26:01,520
any questions otherwise I have to pull

1905
01:26:05,980 --> 01:26:04,250
myself offstage so do we have any

1906
01:26:08,260 --> 01:26:05,990
questions that I can answer I know I

1907
01:26:10,210 --> 01:26:08,270
talked long but I'm sorry there's just

1908
01:26:17,590 --> 01:26:10,220
so much cool stop to joke yes right

1909
01:26:19,330 --> 01:26:17,600
there earth hole has an infinite focus

1910
01:26:21,220 --> 01:26:19,340
it's pointed out into the universe

1911
01:26:22,930 --> 01:26:21,230
the closest thing it's ever observed is

1912
01:26:24,970 --> 01:26:22,940
the moon okay

1913
01:26:28,510 --> 01:26:24,980
Hubble would be useless pointed towards

1914
01:26:29,860 --> 01:26:28,520
Earth and besides the other parts of the

1915
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:29,870
government have much better ones for

1916
01:26:57,790 --> 01:26:55,910
doing either the Hubble Deep Field or

1917
01:26:59,260 --> 01:26:57,800
the Hubble Ultra Deep Field if you

1918
01:27:01,360 --> 01:26:59,270
thought you saw gravitational lensing in

1919
01:27:09,340 --> 01:27:01,370
the Hubble Deep Field it may have been

1920
01:27:11,110 --> 01:27:09,350
an artifact so you get gravitational

1921
01:27:12,370 --> 01:27:11,120
lensing so the question is how come

1922
01:27:14,020 --> 01:27:12,380
there is gravitational lensing and some

1923
01:27:15,850 --> 01:27:14,030
images you get brevity of lungeing when

1924
01:27:18,670 --> 01:27:15,860
you have a cluster of galaxies providing

1925
01:27:20,920 --> 01:27:18,680
the mass to do the lensing as the mass

1926
01:27:22,360 --> 01:27:20,930
creates the lensing the Hubble Deep

1927
01:27:25,390 --> 01:27:22,370
Field and the Hubble ultra-deep field

1928
01:27:27,310 --> 01:27:25,400
were chosen to look in regions where

1929
01:27:29,380 --> 01:27:27,320
there was there would be no large

1930
01:27:31,780 --> 01:27:29,390
clusters in Matta fact we tried to find

1931
01:27:33,220 --> 01:27:31,790
the emptiest spots in the sky so that we

1932
01:27:34,330 --> 01:27:33,230
can see as far to the universe as

1933
01:27:36,520 --> 01:27:34,340
possible we're trying to get rid of all

1934
01:27:39,520 --> 01:27:36,530
the Milky Way stars although Milky Way

1935
01:27:41,470 --> 01:27:39,530
gasps all of the known galaxies and

1936
01:27:43,600 --> 01:27:41,480
clusters so we didn't look at in those

1937
01:27:45,130 --> 01:27:43,610
regions it actually is an exercise in

1938
01:27:53,380 --> 01:27:45,140
trying to find the most boring part in

1939
01:27:54,700 --> 01:27:53,390
this part of the sky you can find all

1940
01:27:55,810 --> 01:27:54,710
right so he starts out with it if

1941
01:27:58,000 --> 01:27:55,820
there's ever a servicing mission

1942
01:27:59,680 --> 01:27:58,010
approved we have no shuttle program so

1943
01:28:04,590 --> 01:27:59,690
there isn't a servicing mission approved

1944
01:28:13,290 --> 01:28:08,500
what do you think NASA Institute would

1945
01:28:18,700 --> 01:28:16,210
well we are not working on any insight

1946
01:28:21,160 --> 01:28:18,710
so the question is can we improve Hubble

1947
01:28:22,960 --> 01:28:21,170
if there was some impossible chance say

1948
01:28:25,240 --> 01:28:22,970
Elon Musk decided that he it was gonna

1949
01:28:28,990 --> 01:28:25,250
go to Hubble okay I damned he could do

1950
01:28:30,640 --> 01:28:29,000
anything right we would have to develop

1951
01:28:32,650 --> 01:28:30,650
instruments

1952
01:28:34,890 --> 01:28:32,660
whoever would try and service it would

1953
01:28:38,470 --> 01:28:34,900
have to develop a entire suite of

1954
01:28:40,330 --> 01:28:38,480
servicing materials I mean Hubble was

1955
01:28:43,030 --> 01:28:40,340
designed to be serviced in the shuttle

1956
01:28:44,890 --> 01:28:43,040
cargo bay it has the the lazy susan

1957
01:28:46,950 --> 01:28:44,900
there and all the instrumentation and

1958
01:28:49,900 --> 01:28:46,960
everything designed to work with Hubble

1959
01:28:53,260 --> 01:28:49,910
to recreate that would be well nigh

1960
01:28:55,240 --> 01:28:53,270
impossible so that's one thing but in

1961
01:28:58,270 --> 01:28:55,250
order to improve Hubble we would have to

1962
01:29:00,280 --> 01:28:58,280
be developing the repair parts or the

1963
01:29:02,820 --> 01:29:00,290
the new instruments which are not being

1964
01:29:06,940 --> 01:29:02,830
developed and those take several years

1965
01:29:10,870 --> 01:29:06,950
people worked on ACS for five to seven

1966
01:29:12,940 --> 01:29:10,880
years before it launched so it takes

1967
01:29:15,070 --> 01:29:12,950
quite some time to do that so it would

1968
01:29:17,260 --> 01:29:15,080
have to be a concerted effort and would

1969
01:29:18,550 --> 01:29:17,270
have a long long lead time if such a

1970
01:29:22,150 --> 01:29:18,560
thing were possible but I don't think

1971
01:29:25,210 --> 01:29:22,160
leave it is yes what the president plan

1972
01:29:27,070 --> 01:29:25,220
for deorbiting there's no way to the

1973
01:29:29,740 --> 01:29:27,080
present plan for new orbiting Hubble is

1974
01:29:31,950 --> 01:29:29,750
to have a robotic mission during

1975
01:29:33,910 --> 01:29:31,960
servicing mission fourth they they

1976
01:29:35,980 --> 01:29:33,920
installed on the bottom of how well

1977
01:29:39,160 --> 01:29:35,990
something called the SCM soft soft

1978
01:29:40,720 --> 01:29:39,170
capture mechanism so that a robotic

1979
01:29:43,210 --> 01:29:40,730
mission could go up and grapple with

1980
01:29:46,360 --> 01:29:43,220
Hubble and then deorbit it safely oh

1981
01:29:48,100 --> 01:29:46,370
there's the picture is already there yes

1982
01:29:49,960 --> 01:29:48,110
the fixture is already there on Hubble

1983
01:29:54,220 --> 01:29:49,970
now is there a mission plan to do that

1984
01:29:58,510 --> 01:29:54,230
no we'll all of us start crying if that

1985
01:30:02,200 --> 01:29:58,520
happens yes much else we can do right

1986
01:30:04,840 --> 01:30:02,210
now no because we have to do it it

1987
01:30:07,450 --> 01:30:04,850
safely okay after our after space lab in

1988
01:30:09,860 --> 01:30:07,460
the 1970s we learned our lesson we're

1989
01:30:13,520 --> 01:30:09,870
not going to let things come in

1990
01:30:16,550 --> 01:30:13,530
and uncontrolled deorbit right so if we

1991
01:30:18,170 --> 01:30:16,560
can't find some way to do something else

1992
01:30:22,040 --> 01:30:18,180
with Hubble it will have to be deorbited

1993
01:30:25,010 --> 01:30:22,050
safely right you could attach a kind of

1994
01:30:26,600 --> 01:30:25,020
a new boost mechanism on that girl a lot

1995
01:30:29,060 --> 01:30:26,610
of people would love to take Hubble and

1996
01:30:30,290 --> 01:30:29,070
just boost it to a really high orbit and

1997
01:30:32,710 --> 01:30:30,300
let it sit there for a hundred years

1998
01:30:34,550 --> 01:30:32,720
until we figure out something better

1999
01:30:36,920 --> 01:30:34,560
don't know if that's possible either

2000
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:36,930
okay that's something an Elon Musk would

2001
01:30:43,760 --> 01:30:40,410
probably have you be useful for all

2002
01:30:45,710 --> 01:30:43,770
right one last question I got one last

2003
01:30:47,240 --> 01:30:45,720
question is there somebody from the

2004
01:30:51,520 --> 01:30:47,250
Maryland Space Grant Observatory here

2005
01:30:53,120 --> 01:30:51,530
today to take people across the street

2006
01:30:54,590 --> 01:30:53,130
no there isn't

2007
01:31:03,130 --> 01:30:54,600
what's here in the back did you have a

2008
01:31:13,580 --> 01:31:07,820
yeah what do you what do you think about

2009
01:31:15,350 --> 01:31:13,590
the movie interstellar I have not seen

2010
01:31:17,450 --> 01:31:15,360
the movie interstellar have a theory of

2011
01:31:22,730 --> 01:31:17,460
everything I have not seen this theory

2012
01:31:24,710 --> 01:31:22,740
of everything I getting ready for the

2013
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:24,720
astronomical American Astronomical

2014
01:31:29,780 --> 01:31:27,210
Society meeting in Seattle and also I

2015
01:31:32,810 --> 01:31:29,790
promised the IMAX director I work with

2016
01:31:35,210 --> 01:31:32,820
that I would see interstellar on IMAX

2017
01:31:37,550 --> 01:31:35,220
not just go out to any any movie theater

2018
01:31:39,380 --> 01:31:37,560
because Christopher Nolan the director

2019
01:31:42,170 --> 01:31:39,390
loves IMAX and shot a lot of it with

2020
01:31:44,180 --> 01:31:42,180
IMAX and so I promised Tony that I would